Programming Languages Dataset - Free Download
692 programming languages with name, first release year, programming paradigms, type system, and a brief description. Sourced from Wikipedia via the languagesDataset project. Contains 692 records. Download in Excel, CSV, PDF formats.
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| Name | First Release | Paradigms | Types | About | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a.net | 2004 | A# is a port of the Ada programming language to the Microsoft .NET platform. A# is freely distributed by the Department of Computer Science at the United States Air Force Academy as a service to the A… | http://www.asharp.martincarlisle.com/ | ||
| a-0 system | The A-0 system (Arithmetic Language version 0), written by Grace Murray Hopper [1] in 1951 and 1952 for the UNIVAC I, was an early[2] compiler related tool developed for electronic computers.[3] The A… | ||||
| a+ | 1988 | ['Array'] | ['Dynamic', 'strong'] | A+ is an array programming language descended from the programming language A, which in turn was created to replace APL in 1988.[2] Arthur Whitney developed the A portion of A+, while other developers… | http://www.aplusdev.org/ |
| abap | 1983 | ['Object-oriented', 'structured', 'imperative'] | ['Static', 'strong', 'safe', 'nominative'] | ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming, originally Allgemeiner Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor, German for "general report creation processor"[3]) is a high-level programming language create… | http://scn.sap.com/community/abap |
| abc | 1987 | ['multi-paradigm', 'imperative', 'procedural', 'structured'] | ['strong', 'polymorphic'] | ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) developed at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), Netherlands by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens, a… | https://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/abc/ |
| abc algol | ABC ALGOL is an extension of the programming language ALGOL 60 with arbitrary data structures and user-defined operators, intended for computer algebra (symbolic mathematics). Despite its advances, it… | ||||
| acc | ACC is a near-C compiler for the MS-DOS operating system on the IBM PC line of computers for programs.[1] The compiler and compiled programs will run on any Intel 80386 or above PC running MS-DOS. Inc… | ||||
| accent | 1990 | Rational Synergy is a software tool that provides software configuration management (SCM) capabilities for all artifacts related to software development including source code, documents and images as… | http://www.ibm.com/software/products/en/ratisyne | ||
| ace dasl | The DASL Programming Language (Distributed Application Specification Language) is a high-level, strongly typed programming language originally developed at Sun Microsystems Laboratories between 1999 a… | ||||
| action! | 1983 | Action! is a procedural programming language similar to ALGOL that is intended to produce high-performance programs for the Atari 8-bit family. The language was written by Clinton Parker and distribut… | |||
| actionscript | 1998 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'prototype-based', 'functional', 'imperative', 'scripting'] | ['strong', 'static'] | ActionScript is an object-oriented programming language originally developed by Macromedia Inc. (later acquired by Adobe Systems). It is influenced by HyperTalk, the scripting language for HyperCard.[… | https://www.adobe.com/devnet/actionscript/articles/actionscript3_overview.html |
| actor | The Actor programming language was invented by Charles Duff of The Whitewater Group in 1988. It was an offshoot of some object-oriented extensions to the Forth language he had been working on. | ||||
| ada | 1980 | ['Multi-paradigm'] | ['static', 'strong', 'safe', 'nominative'] | Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages. It has built-in language support for design by contrac… | http://www.adaic.org/ |
| adenine | Haystack is a project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to research and develop several applications around personal information management and the Semantic Web. The most notable of those a… | ||||
| advpl | AdvPL (Advanced Protheus Language) is a proprietary programming language based on xBase. It was released in 1999 and is used for development of applications in the ERP Protheus made by TOTVS.[2][1] | ||||
| agda | 1999 | ['Functional'] | ['strong', 'static', 'dependent', 'nominal', 'manifest', 'inferred'] | Agda is a dependently typed functional programming language originally developed by Ulf Norell at Chalmers University of Technology with implementation described in his PhD thesis.[2] The original Agd… | http://wiki.portal.chalmers.se/agda |
| agilent vee | Keysight VEE is a graphical dataflow programming software development environment from Keysight Technologies for automated test, measurement, data analysis and reporting. VEE originally stood for Visu… | http://www.keysight.com/find/vee | |||
| agora | Agora is a reflective, prototype-based, object-oriented programming language that is based exclusively on message passing and not delegation. Agora was intended to show that even subject to that limit… | ||||
| aimms | AIMMS (acronym for Advanced Interactive Multidimensional Modeling System) is a prescriptive analytics software company with offices in the Netherlands, United States, China and Singapore. | http://www.aimms.com/ | |||
| aldor | 1990 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'functional', 'imperative', 'dependent typed', 'logic'] | Aldor is a programming language. It is the successor of A# as the extension language of the Axiom computer algebra system. | http://www.aldor.org/ | |
| alef | 1992 | ['compiled', 'concurrent', 'structured'] | ['Static', 'strong'] | Alef is a discontinued concurrent programming language, designed as part of the Plan 9 operating system by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs. It implemented the channel-based concurrency model of Newsque… | |
| alf | ['multi-paradigm', 'logic', 'functional'] | Algebraic Logic Functional programming language, also known as ALF, is a programming language which combines functional and logic programming techniques. Its foundation is Horn clause logic with equal… | http://www.informatik.uni-kiel.de/~mh/systems/ALF/README | ||
| algol 58 | 1958 | ['procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['Static', 'strong'] | ALGOL 58, originally named IAL, is one of the family of ALGOL computer programming languages. It was an early compromise design soon superseded by ALGOL 60. According to John Backus[2] | |
| algol 60 | 1960 | ['procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['Static', 'strong'] | ALGOL 60 (short for Algorithmic Language 1960) is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages. It followed on from ALGOL 58 which had introduced code blocks and the begin and end pa… | |
| algol 68 | 1968 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'concurrent', 'imperative'] | ['static', 'strong', 'safe', 'structural'] | ALGOL 68 (short for Algorithmic Language 1968) is an imperative programming language that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scop… | |
| algol w | 1966 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['Static', 'strong'] | ALGOL W is a programming language. It is based on a proposal for ALGOL X by Niklaus Wirth and Tony Hoare as a successor to ALGOL 60 in International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP W… | |
| alice | 2000 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'imperative', 'functional', 'distributed', 'concurrent'] | ['strong', 'static', 'inferred'] | Alice ML is a programming language designed by the Programming Systems Laboratory[2] at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany. It is a dialect of Standard ML, augmented with support for lazy evalu… | http://www.ps.uni-saarland.de/alice |
| alma-0 | 1997 | ['multi-paradigm', 'constraint', 'imperative', 'logic'] | ['static'] | Alma-0 is a multi-paradigm computer programming language. This language is an augmented version of the imperative Modula-2 language with logic-programming features and convenient backtracking ability.… | http://www.cwi.nl/en/alma |
| ambienttalk | 2006 | ['object-oriented', 'prototype-based', 'Concurrent', 'Event-driven', 'Reflective'] | ['dynamic', 'strong'] | AmbientTalk is an experimental object-oriented distributed programming language developed at the Programming Technology Laboratory at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. The language is primarily… | http://soft.vub.ac.be/amop |
| amiga e | Amiga E, or very often simply E, is a programming language created by Wouter van Oortmerssen on the Amiga. He has since moved on to develop the SHEEP programming language for the new AmigaDE platform… | ||||
| amos | 1990 | ['Imperative', 'Procedural'] | AMOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language implemented on the Amiga computer. AMOS BASIC was published by Europress Software and originally written by François Lionet with Constantin So… | https://web.archive.org/web/20120204085705/http://www.clickteam.com/eng/downloadcenter.php?i=58 | |
| ampl | 1985 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'declarative', 'imperative'] | AMPL (A Mathematical Programming Language) is an algebraic modeling language to describe and solve high-complexity problems for large-scale mathematical computing (i.e., large-scale optimization and s… | http://www.ampl.com/ | |
| angelscript | 2003 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'scripting', 'imperative', 'procedural', 'object-oriented'] | ['static', 'strong'] | AngelScript is a game-oriented compiled scripting language. | http://angelcode.com/angelscript |
| apache pig latin | 2008 | Apache Pig[1] is a high-level platform for creating programs that run on Apache Hadoop. The language for this platform is called Pig Latin.[1] Pig can execute its Hadoop jobs in MapReduce, Apache Tez,… | https://pig.apache.org/ | ||
| apex | Salesforce.com, Inc. is an American cloud-based software company headquartered in San Francisco, California. It provides customer relationship management (CRM) service and also provides a complementar… | http://salesforce.com/ | |||
| apl | 1966 | ['Array', 'functional', 'structured', 'modular'] | ['Dynamic'] | APL (named after the book A Programming Language)[3] is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range o… | |
| app inventor for android's visual block language | 2010 | MIT App Inventor is a web application integrated development environment originally provided by Google, and now maintained by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It allows newcomers to co… | http://appinventor.mit.edu/ | ||
| applescript | 1993 | ['Natural language programming', 'Scripting'] | ['Weak', 'dynamic'] | AppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc. that facilitates automated control over scriptable Mac applications. First introduced in System 7, it is currently included in all versions of… | https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/AppleScript/Conceptual/AppleScriptX/AppleScriptX.html |
| apt | APT (Automatically Programmed Tool)[1] is a high-level computer programming language most commonly used to generate instructions for numerically controlled machine tools. Douglas T. Ross[2] is conside… | ||||
| arc | 2008 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'meta', 'procedural'] | ['Dynamic'] | Arc is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, developed by Paul Graham and Robert Morris. It is free and open-source software released under the Artistic License 2.0. | http://arclanguage.org/ |
| arexx | ARexx is an implementation of the Rexx language for the Amiga, written in 1987 by William S. Hawes, with a number of Amiga-specific features beyond standard REXX facilities. Like most REXX implementat… | ||||
| argus | Argus is a programming language created at MIT by Barbara Liskov between 1982 and 1988, in collaboration with Maurice Herlihy, Paul Johnson, Robert Scheifler, and William Weihl.[1] It is an extension… | ||||
| assembly language | 1949 | ['Imperative', 'unstructured'] | In computer programming, assembly language (or assembler language),[1] often abbreviated asm, is any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the instructi… | ||
| autohotkey | 2003 | AutoHotkey is a free, open-source custom scripting language for Microsoft Windows, initially aimed at providing easy keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys, fast macro-creation and software automation that all… | http://autohotkey.com/ | ||
| autoit | 1999 | ['Object-oriented', 'imperative', 'functional', 'procedural', 'reflective'] | AutoIt /ɔːtoʊ ɪt/[3] is a freeware programming language for Microsoft Windows. In its earliest release, it was primarily intended to create automation scripts (sometimes called macros) for Microsoft W… | https://www.autoitscript.com/ | |
| autolisp / visual lisp | 1986 | AutoLISP is a dialect of the programming language Lisp built specifically for use with the full version of AutoCAD and its derivatives, which include AutoCAD Map 3D, AutoCAD Architecture and AutoCAD M… | |||
| averest | Averest is a synchronous programming language and set of tools to specify, verify, and implement reactive systems. It includes a compiler for synchronous programs, a symbolic model checker, and a tool… | ||||
| awk | 1977 | ['Scripting', 'procedural', 'data-driven', '[1]'] | AWK (awk)[4] is a domain-specific language designed for text processing and typically used as a data extraction and reporting tool. Like sed and grep, it is a filter,[4] and is a standard feature of m… | ||
| axum | 2009 | Axum (previously codenamed Maestro) is a domain-specific concurrent programming language, based on the Actor model, that was under active development by Microsoft[1] between 2009 and 2011.[2] It is an… | http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/devlabs/dd795202.aspx | ||
| b | 1969 | ['word'] | B is a programming language developed at Bell Labs circa 1969. It was developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. | ||
| babbage | 1971 | ['procedural', 'structured', 'High-level assembler'] | Babbage is the high level assembly language for the GEC 4000 series minicomputers.[1] It was named after Charles Babbage, an English computing pioneer. | ||
| ballerina | 2017 | ['Structural', 'strong', 'static', 'inferred'] | Ballerina is an open source general-purpose programming language and platform designed by WSO2 for cloud-era application programmers. It is easy to write and modify and is suitable for application pro… | http://ballerina.io/ | |
| bash | 1989 | Bash is a Unix shell and command language written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell.[7][8] First released in 1989,[9] it has been used as the default… | https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/ | ||
| basic | 1964 | ['Non-structured', 'procedural', 'object-oriented'] | BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)[1] is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use. The original version was de… | ||
| batch file | A batch file is a script file in DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows. It consists of a series of commands to be executed by the command-line interpreter, stored in a plain text file. A batch file may cont… | ||||
| bc | 1975 | bc, for basic calculator (often referred to as bench calculator), is "an arbitrary-precision calculator language" with syntax similar to the C programming language. bc is typically used as either a ma… | |||
| bcpl | 1967 | ['procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['word'] | BCPL ("Basic Combined Programming Language") is a procedural, imperative, and structured programming language. Originally intended for writing compilers for other languages, BCPL is no longer in commo… | |
| beanshell | 1999 | ['Object-oriented', 'scripting'] | ['Dynamic', 'strong'] | BeanShell is a Java-like scripting language, invented by Patrick Niemeyer. It runs in the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and uses a variation of the Java syntax, in addition to scripting commands and… | http://www.beanshell.org/ |
| bertrand | Bertrand (named after Bertrand Russell) is a computer programming language for creating constraint programming systems. The language was created by Wm Leler in the mid-1980s as part of his doctoral re… | ||||
| beta | ['Object-oriented'] | BETA is a pure object-oriented language originating within the "Scandinavian School" in object-orientation where the first object-oriented language Simula was developed.[1] Among its notable features,… | http://beta.cs.au.dk/ | ||
| bliss | 1970 | ['Structured', 'imperative', 'procedural'] | BLISS is a system programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon University by W. A. Wulf, D. B. Russell, and A. N. Habermann around 1970. It was perhaps the best known systems programming language… | http://pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/bb-m836d-bm/ | |
| blockly | 2012 | Blockly is a client-side library for the programming language JavaScript for creating block-based visual programming languages (VPLs) and editors. A project of Google, it is free and open-source softw… | http://developers.google.com/blockly | ||
| bloop | BlooP and FlooP are simple programming languages designed by Douglas Hofstadter to illustrate a point in his book Gödel, Escher, Bach.[1] BlooP is a non-Turing-complete programming language whose main… | ||||
| boo | 2003 | ['Object oriented'] | ['static', 'strong', 'inferred', 'duck'] | Boo is an object-oriented, statically typed, general-purpose programming language that seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure's support for Unicode, internationalization, and web appl… | https://github.com/boo-lang |
| boomerang | 2008 | Boomerang is a programming language for writing lenses—well-behaved bidirectional transformations —that operate on ad-hoc, textual data formats. | http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~harmony/ | ||
| bosque | 2019 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'typed language'] | Bosque is a free and open-source programming language developed by Microsoft that was inspired by the syntax and types of TypeScript and the semantics of ML and Node/JavaScript.[3][4] Design goals for… | https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/bosque-programming-language/ | |
| c | 1972 | ['Imperative', 'procedural', 'structured'] | ['Static', 'weak', 'manifest', 'nominal'] | C (/siː/, as in the letter c) is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system. By des… | https://www.iso.org/standard/74528.html |
| c-- | 1997 | ['imperative'] | ['static', 'weak'] | C-- (pronounced see minus minus) is a C-like programming language. Its creators, functional programming researchers Simon Peyton Jones and Norman Ramsey, designed it to be generated mainly by compiler… | https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/c--/index.html |
| c++ | 1985 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'procedural', 'functional', 'object-oriented', 'generic', 'modular'] | ['Static', 'nominative', 'partially inferred'] | C++ (/ˌsiːˌplʌsˈplʌs/) is a general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language, or "C with Classes". The language has expanded significantl… | https://isocpp.org/ |
| c* | 1987 | ['multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'imperative', 'parallel'] | ['static', 'weak', 'manifest'] | C* (or C-star) is an object-oriented, data-parallel superset of ANSI C with synchronous semantics. | |
| c# | 2000 | ['Structured', 'imperative', 'object-oriented', 'event-driven', 'task-driven', 'functional', 'generic', 'reflective', 'concurrent'] | ['Static', 'dynamic', '[3]', 'strong', 'safe', 'nominative', 'partially inferred'] | C# (pronounced see sharp, like the musical note C♯, but written with the number sign)[b] is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language encompassing static typing, strong typing, lexically… | http://csharp.net/ |
| c/al | C/AL (Client/server Application Language) was the programming language used within C/SIDE the Client/Server Integrated Development Environment in Microsoft Dynamics NAV (Formerly known as Navision Att… | ||||
| caché objectscript | 1997 | Caché ObjectScript is a part of the Caché database system sold by InterSystems. The language is a functional superset of the ANSI-standard MUMPS programming language. Since Caché is at its core a MUMP… | |||
| c shell | 1978 | The C shell (csh or the improved version, tcsh) is a Unix shell created by Bill Joy while he was a graduate student at University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s. It has been widely distribu… | |||
| caml | 1985 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative'] | ['Inferred', 'static', 'strong'] | Caml (originally an acronym for Categorical Abstract Machine Language) is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose programming language which is a dialect of the ML programming language family. Caml was deve… | http://caml.inria.fr/ |
| cayenne | Lennart Augustsson is a Swedish computer scientist. He was previously a lecturer at the Computing Science Department at Chalmers University of Technology. His research field is functional programming… | ||||
| cduce | CDuce is an XML-oriented functional language, which extends XDuce in a few directions. It features XML regular expression types, XML regular expression patterns, XML iterators. CDuce is not strictly s… | ||||
| cecil | Cecil is a pure object-oriented programming language that was developed by Craig Chambers at the University of Washington in 1992 to be part of the Vortex project there. Cecil has many similarities to… | ||||
| cesil | Cesil, or Computer Education in Schools Instruction Language, was a programming language designed to introduce pupils in British schools to Assembly language. It is a low level language containing a t… | ||||
| céu | Céu is "Structured Synchronous Reactive Programming" [1] According to its web page, Céu supports synchronous concurrency with shared memory and deterministic execution and has a small memory footprint… | ||||
| ceylon | 2011 | ['Object-oriented'] | ['Static', 'strong', 'safe'] | Ceylon was an object-oriented, strongly statically typed programming language with an emphasis on immutability, created by Red Hat. Ceylon programs run on the Java virtual machine (JVM), and could be… | http://ceylon-lang.org/ |
| cfengine | 1993 | CFEngine is an open-source configuration management system, written by Mark Burgess. Its primary function is to provide automated configuration and maintenance of large-scale computer systems, includi… | https://cfengine.com/ | ||
| cg | The High-Level Shader Language[1] or High-Level Shading Language[2] (HLSL) is a proprietary shading language developed by Microsoft for the Direct3D 9 API to augment the shader assembly language, and… | ||||
| ch | 2001 | Ch /ˌsiːˈeɪtʃ/ is a proprietary cross-platform C and C++ interpreter and scripting language environment, originally designed by Harry H. Cheng as a scripting language for beginners to learn mathematic… | http://www.softintegration.com/ | ||
| chapel | 2009 | ['Object-oriented', 'Partitioned global address space', 'Parallel programming'] | ['static', 'inferred'] | Chapel, the Cascade High Productivity Language, is a parallel programming language developed by Cray.[3] It is being developed as part of the Cray Cascade project, a participant in DARPA's High Produc… | https://chapel-lang.org/ |
| charm | 1996 | ['Structured programming'] | Charm is a computer programming language devised in the early 1990s with similarities to the RTL/2, Pascal and C languages in addition to containing some unique features of its own. The Charm language… | http://charm.qu-bit.co.uk/ | |
| chill | 1980 | ['procedural'] | ['static', 'strong'] | In computing, CHILL (an acronym for CCITT High Level Language) is a procedural programming language designed for use in telecommunication switches (the hardware used inside telephone exchanges). The l… | |
| chip-8 | CHIP-8 is an interpreted programming language, developed by Joseph Weisbecker. It was initially used on the COSMAC VIP and Telmac 1800 8-bit microcomputers in the mid-1970s. CHIP-8 programs are run on… | ||||
| chomski | 2007 | ['scripting language'] | pattern parsing virtual machine (previously called 'chomski' after Noam Chomsky) and pep refer to both a command line computer language and utility (interpreter for that language) which can be used to… | http://bumble.sourceforge.net/books/pars/ | |
| chuck | 2003 | ['Multi-paradigm'] | ['Strong'] | ChucK is a concurrent, strongly timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance,[3] which runs on Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and iOS. It is designed to… | http://chuck.cs.princeton.edu/ |
| cilk | 1994 | ['imperative', 'procedural', 'structured', 'parallel'] | ['static', 'weak', 'manifest'] | Cilk, Cilk++ and Cilk Plus are general-purpose programming languages designed for multithreaded parallel computing. They are based on the C and C++ programming languages, which they extend with constr… | https://www.cilkplus.org/ |
| cl | ['imperative'] | The IBM i Control Language (CL) is a scripting language for the IBM's IBM i platform (previously called OS/400 when running on AS/400 systems) bearing a resemblance to the IBM Job Control Language and… | |||
| claire | 1994 | ['multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'object-oriented', 'class-based', 'rule processing', 'reflective'] | ['strong', 'static', 'dynamic'] | Claire is a high-level functional and object-oriented programming language with rule processing abilities. It was designed by Yves Caseau at Bouygues' e-Lab research laboratory, and received its final… | http://www.claire-language.com/ |
| clarion | 1986 | ['Imperative', 'structured', 'object-oriented'] | Clarion is a commercial, proprietary, fourth-generation programming language (4GL), multi-paradigm, programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from SoftVelocity used to program… | http://www.softvelocity.com/ | |
| clean | 1987 | ['functional'] | ['strong', 'static', 'dynamic'] | Clean is a general-purpose purely functional computer programming language. For much of the language's active development history it was called Concurrent Clean, but this was dropped at some point. Cl… | http://clean.cs.ru.nl/ |
| clipper | 1985 | Clipper is an xBase compiler that implements a variant of the xBase computer programming language. It is used to create or extend software programs that originally operated primarily under MS-DOS. Alt… | http://www.grafxsoft.com/clipper.htm | ||
| clips | 1985 | ['expert systems'] | CLIPS is a public domain software tool for building expert systems. The name is an acronym for "C Language Integrated Production System." The syntax and name was inspired by Charles Forgy's OPS5. The… | http://www.clipsrules.net/ | |
| clist | CLIST (Command List) (pronounced "C-List") is a procedural programming language for TSO in MVS systems. It originated in OS/360 Release 20 and has assumed a secondary role since the availability of Re… | ||||
| clojure | 2007 | ['multi-paradigm', 'agent-oriented', '[1]', 'concurrent', '[2]', '[3]', 'functional', '[4]', 'logic', '[5]', 'macro', '[6]', 'pipeline', '[7]'] | ['dynamic', 'strong'] | Clojure (/ˈkloʊʒər/, like closure)[15][16] is a modern, dynamic, and functional dialect of the Lisp programming language on the Java platform.[17][18] Like other Lisp dialects, Clojure treats code as… | https://clojure.org/ |
| clu | 1975 | ['multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'procedural'] | ['strong'] | CLU is a programming language created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by Barbara Liskov and her students between 1974 and 1975. While it did not find extensive use, it introduced ma… | http://www.pmg.lcs.mit.edu/CLU.html |
| cms-2 | 1968 | ['Imperative'] | CMS-2 is an embedded systems programming language used by the United States Navy.[2] It was an early attempt to develop a standardized high-level computer programming language intended to improve code… | ||
| cobol | 1959 | ['Procedural', 'imperative', 'object-oriented'] | ['Weak', 'static'] | COBOL (/ˈkoʊbɒl, -bɔːl/; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is imperative, procedural and, since… | |
| cobolscript | CobolScript is a programming language created by Matthew Dean and Charles Schereda of Deskware in 1999.[1] The language was intended to provide web-enabled COBOL, and was targeted at businesses using… | ||||
| cobra | 2006 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented'] | ['strong', 'static', 'dynamic', 'inferred'] | Cobra is a discontinued general-purpose, object-oriented programming language.[1] Cobra is designed by Charles Esterbrook, and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono platforms.[2] It is strongly influenc… | http://cobra-language.com/ |
| coffeescript | 2009 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'prototype-based', 'functional', 'imperative', 'scripting'] | CoffeeScript is a programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It adds syntactic sugar inspired by Ruby, Python and Haskell in an effort to enhance JavaScript's brevity and readability.[4] Specif… | https://coffeescript.org/ | |
| coldfusion | 1995 | Adobe ColdFusion is a commercial rapid web-application development computing platform created by J. J. Allaire in 1995.[4] (The programming language used with that platform is also commonly called Col… | https://www.adobe.com/products/coldfusion-family.html | ||
| comal | 1975 | ['Structured'] | ['Strong'] | COMAL (Common Algorithmic Language) is a computer programming language developed in Denmark by Børge R. Christensen and Benedict Løfstedt and originally released in 1975. COMAL was one of the few stru… | |
| combined programming language | 1963 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'procedural', 'imperative', 'structured', 'functional'] | CPL (Combined Programming Language) is a multi-paradigm programming language, that was developed in the early 1960s. It is an early ancestor of the C language via the BCPL and B languages. | ||
| comit | 1957 | COMIT was the first string processing language (compare SNOBOL, TRAC, and Perl), developed on the IBM 700/7000 series computers by Dr. Victor Yngve and collaborators at MIT from 1957 to 1965. Yngve cr… | |||
| common intermediate language | Common Intermediate Language (CIL), formerly called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) or Intermediate Language (IL),[1] is the intermediate language binary instruction set defined within the Comm… | ||||
| common lisp | 1994 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'procedural', 'functional', 'object-oriented', 'meta', 'reflective', 'generic'] | ['Dynamic', 'strong'] | Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)[1] (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999)).[2] The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyp… | http://common-lisp.net/ |
| compass | COMPASS, COMPrehensive ASSembler,[1] is any of a family of macro assembly languages on Control Data Corporation's 3000 series, and on the 60-bit CDC 6000 series, 7600 and Cyber 70 and 170 series mainf… | ||||
| component pascal | 1997 | ['Imperative', 'structured', 'modular', 'object-oriented'] | ['Strong', 'static'] | Component Pascal is a programming language in the tradition of Niklaus Wirth's Pascal,[1] Modula-2,[2] Oberon[3][4] and Oberon-2.[5] It bears the name of the language Pascal and preserves its heritage… | http://blackboxframework.org/ |
| constraint handling rules | 1991 | ['Constraint logic programming'] | Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) is a declarative, rule-based language, introduced in 1991 by Thom Frühwirth at the time with ECRC (European Computer-Industry Research Centre) in Munich, Germany.[1][2]… | ||
| comtran | 1957 | COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator) is an early programming language developed at IBM. It was intended as the business programming equivalent of the scientific programming language FORTRAN (FORmula TRANsl… | |||
| cool | 1996 | ['Object-oriented'] | ['Static', 'strong', 'manifest'] | Cool, an acronym for Classroom Object Oriented Language, is a computer programming language designed by Alexander Aiken for use in an undergraduate compiler course project. While small enough for a on… | |
| coq | 1989 | Coq is an interactive theorem prover first released in 1989. It allows for the expression of mathematical assertions, mechanically checks proofs of these assertions, helps to find formal proofs, and e… | https://coq.inria.fr/ | ||
| coral 66 | 1964 | ['procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['Static', 'strong'] | CORAL, short for Computer On-line Real-time Applications Language is a programming language originally developed in 1964 at the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE), Malvern, Worcestershire, in the United… | |
| corvision | 1986 | CorVision is a fourth generation programming tool (4GL) currently owned by Attunity, Inc. CorVision was developed by Cortex Corporation for the VAX/VMS ISAM environment. Although Cortex beta tested Co… | |||
| cowsel | 1964 | COWSEL (COntrolled Working SpacE Language) is a programming language designed between 1964 and 1966 by Robin Popplestone. It was based on an RPN form of Lisp combined with some ideas from CPL. | |||
| cpl | 1963 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'procedural', 'imperative', 'structured', 'functional'] | CPL (Combined Programming Language) is a multi-paradigm programming language, that was developed in the early 1960s. It is an early ancestor of the C language via the BCPL and B languages. | ||
| cryptol | Cryptol is a domain specific programming language for cryptography developed by the Portland, Oregon based software development firm, Galois, Inc..[1][2] The language was originally developed for use… | ||||
| crystal | 2014 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'concurrent'] | ['static', 'inferred', 'structural', 'duck'] | Crystal is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language, designed and developed by Ary Borenszweig, Juan Wajnerman, Brian Cardiff and more than 300 contributors.[4] With syntax inspired by… | https://crystal-lang.org/ |
| csound | 1986 | Csound is a domain-specific computer programming language for audio programming. It is called Csound because it is written in C, as opposed to some of its predecessors. | http://csound.com/ | ||
| cuneiform | 2013 | ['functional', 'scientific workflow'] | Cuneiform is an open-source workflow language for large-scale scientific data analysis.[1][2] It is a statically typed functional programming language promoting parallel computing. It features a versa… | https://cuneiform-lang.org/ | |
| curl | 1998 | ['multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'markup'] | ['strong'] | Curl is a reflective object-oriented programming language for interactive web applications whose goal is to provide a smoother transition between formatting and programming. It makes it possible to em… | http://www.curl.com/ |
| curry | ['functional', 'logic'] | ['static', 'strong', 'inferred'] | Curry[1] is an experimental functional logic programming language,[2] based on the Haskell language. It merges elements of functional and logic programming, including constraint programming integratio… | http://curry-lang.org/ | |
| cybil | Cybil (short for the Cyber Implementation Language of the Control Data Network Operating System) was a Pascal-like language developed at Control Data Corporation for the Cyber computer family.[1][2] C… | ||||
| cyclone | 2002 | The Cyclone programming language is intended to be a safe dialect of the C language. Cyclone is designed to avoid buffer overflows and other vulnerabilities that are possible in C programs, without lo… | http://cyclone.thelanguage.org/ | ||
| cypher query language | Cypher is a declarative graph query language that allows for expressive and efficient data querying in a property graph.[1] | ||||
| cython | 2007 | Cython is a programming language that aims to be a superset of the Python programming language, designed to give C-like performance with code that is written mostly in Python with optional additional… | https://cython.org/ | ||
| ceemac | CEEMAC is a programming language developed in the 1980s for the Apple II family of computers. It was authored by Brooke Boering and published by Vagabondo Enterprises,[1] | ||||
| d | 2001 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative', 'object-oriented'] | ['Inferred', 'static', 'strong'] | D, also known as Dlang, is a multi-paradigm system programming language created by Walter Bright at Digital Mars and released in 2001. Andrei Alexandrescu joined the design and development effort in 2… | https://dlang.org/ |
| dart | 2011 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative', 'object-oriented', 'reflective', '[1]'] | ['Optional', 'Inferred', '[5]', 'static', 'strong'] | Dart is a client-optimized[9] programming language for apps on multiple platforms. It is developed by Google and is used to build mobile, desktop, server, and web applications.[10] | https://dart.dev/ |
| darwin | 1991 | ['imperative', 'structured', 'object-oriented'] | ['Dynamic', 'Strong'] | Darwin is a closed source[1] programming language developed by Gaston Gonnet and colleagues at ETH Zurich.[2][3] It is used to develop the OMA orthology inference software,[4] which was also initially… | |
| dataflex | DataFlex is an object-oriented high-level programming language and a fourth generation visual tool 4GL for developing Windows, web and mobile software applications on one framework-based platform. It… | http://www.dataaccess.com/DataFlex | |||
| datalog | Datalog is a declarative logic programming language that syntactically is a subset of Prolog. It is often used as a query language for deductive databases. In recent years, Datalog has found new appli… | ||||
| datatrieve | DATATRIEVE is a database query and report writer tool originally from Digital Equipment Corporation. It runs on the OpenVMS operating system, as well as several PDP-11 operating systems. DATATRIEVE's… | ||||
| dbase | 1979 | ['Imperative', 'declarative'] | dBase (also stylized dBASE) was one of the first database management systems for microcomputers, and the most successful in its day.[2] The dBase system includes the core database engine, a query syst… | http://www.dbase.com/ | |
| dc | dc (desk calculator) is a cross-platform reverse-polish calculator which supports arbitrary-precision arithmetic.[1] Written by Robert Morris while at Bell Labs,[2] it is one of the oldest Unix utilit… | ||||
| dcl | ['imperative'] | DIGITAL Command Language (DCL) is the standard command language adopted by most of the operating systems that were sold by the former Digital Equipment Corporation. DCL had its roots in IAS, TOPS-20,… | |||
| delphi | Delphi is a software product that uses the Delphi dialect of the Object Pascal programming language and provides an integrated development environment (IDE) for rapid application development of deskto… | http://embarcadero.com/products/delphi | |||
| dinkc | Dink Smallwood is an action role-playing video game, developed by Robinson Technologies, at the time consisting of Seth Robinson, Justin Martin, and Greg Smith. It was first released in 1998 before be… | ||||
| dibol | 1970 | ['procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['static'] | DIBOL or Digital's Business Oriented Language is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language, designed for use in Management Information Systems (MIS) software development. | |
| dog | Sepandar David Kamvar (born 1977), also known as Sep Kamvar, is a computer scientist, artist, author and entrepreneur.[1][2][3][4] He is currently the founder of Celo, a cryptocurrency startup.[5][6]… | ||||
| draco | 1990 | ['imperative', 'procedural', 'structured'] | ['static', 'strong', 'manifest'] | Draco was a shareware programming language created by Chris Gray. First developed for CP/M systems, Amiga version followed in 1987.[1] | |
| drakon | 1996 | ['visual'] | DRAKON is an algorithmic visual programming and modeling language developed within the Buran space project following ergonomic design principles. The language provides a uniform way to represent flowc… | http://drakon-editor.sourceforge.net/ | |
| dylan | 1992 | ['multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'object-oriented'] | Dylan is a multi-paradigm programming language that includes support for functional and object-oriented programming (OOP), and is dynamic and reflective while providing a programming model designed to… | http://opendylan.org/ | |
| dynamo | DYNAMO (DYNAmic MOdels) is a historically important simulation language and accompanying graphical notation developed within the system dynamics analytical framework. It was originally for industrial… | ||||
| dax | Data Analysis Expressions (DAX) is the native formula and query language for Microsoft PowerPivot, Power BI Desktop and SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) Tabular models. DAX includes some of the fun… | ||||
| e | 1997 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'message passing'] | ['Strong', 'dynamic'] | E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller[1], Dan Bornstein, Douglas Crockford[2], Chip Morningstar[3] and others at Electric Communities… | http://erights.org/ |
| ease | 1991 | ['Concurrent', 'communicating sequential processes'] | ['Strong'] | Ease is a general purpose parallel programming language. It is designed by Steven Ericsson-Zenith, a researcher at Yale University, the Institute for Advanced Science & Engineering in Silicon Valley,… | |
| easy pl/i | 1964 | ['Procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced /piː ɛl wʌn/ and sometimes written PL/1)[2] is a procedural, imperative computer programming language developed and published by IBM. It is designed for scie… | http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/360/pli/ | |
| easytrieve plus | CA Technologies, formerly known as CA, Inc. and Computer Associates International, Inc., is an American multinational corporation headquartered in New York City. Since November 5, 2018, the company ha… | http://www.ca.com/ | |||
| ec | 2004 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'procedural', 'object-oriented', 'generic'] | ['Static', 'nominative', 'partially inferred'] | eC (Ecere C) is an object-oriented programming language, defined as a super-set of the C language. | http://ec-lang.org/ |
| ecmascript | 1997 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'prototype-based', 'functional', 'imperative'] | ['weak', 'dynamic'] | ECMAScript (/i.si.ɛmˈeɪskrɪpt/) (or ES)[1] is a general-purpose programming language, standardized by Ecma International according to the document ECMA-262. It is a JavaScript standard meant to ensure… | http://www.ecma-international.org/ |
| edinburgh imp | 1966 | ['Procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['Static', 'strong'] | Edinburgh IMP is a development of Atlas Autocode, initially developed around 1966-1969 at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is a general-purpose programming language which was used heavily for… | |
| egl | EGL (Enterprise Generation Language), originally developed by IBM and now available as the EDT (EGL Development Tools)[1] open source project under the Eclipse Public License (EPL), is a programming t… | http://www.eclipse.org/edt/ | |||
| eiffel | 1986 | ['Object-oriented', 'Class-based', 'Generic', 'Concurrent'] | ['static'] | Eiffel is an object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer (an object-orientation proponent and author of Object-Oriented Software Construction) and Eiffel Software. Meyer conceived… | https://www.eiffel.org/ |
| elan | 1974 | ELAN is an educational programming language for learning and teaching systematic programming. | https://www.cs.ru.nl/elan/ | ||
| elixir | 2011 | ['multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'concurrent', 'distributed', 'process-oriented'] | ['dynamic', 'strong', 'duck'] | Elixir is a functional, concurrent, general-purpose programming language that runs on the BEAM virtual machine used to implement the Erlang programming language.[3] Elixir builds on top of Erlang and… | https://elixir-lang.org/ |
| elm | 2012 | ['Functional'] | ['Static', 'Strong', 'Inferred'] | Elm is a domain-specific programming language for declaratively creating web browser-based graphical user interfaces. Elm is purely functional, and is developed with emphasis on usability, performance… | https://elm-lang.org/ |
| emacs lisp | 1985 | ['Functional', 'meta', 'reflective'] | ['Dynamic', 'strong'] | Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used as a scripting language by Emacs (a text editor family most commonly associated with GNU Emacs and XEmacs). It is used for implementing mo… | |
| emerald | 1980 | ['object-oriented'] | ['strong', 'static'] | Emerald is a distributed, object-oriented programming language developed in the 1980s by Andrew P. Black, Norman C. Hutchinson, Eric B. Jul, and Henry M. Levy, in the Department of Computer Science at… | http://www.emeraldprogramminglanguage.org/ |
| epigram | 2004 | ['Functional'] | ['strong', 'static', 'dependent'] | Epigram is a functional programming language with dependent types, and the integrated development environment (IDE) usually packaged with the language. Epigram's type system is strong enough to expres… | https://web.archive.org/web/20120717070845/http://www.e-pig.org/darcs/Pig09/web/ |
| epl | 2004 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'compiled', 'imperative', 'procedural', 'object-oriented', 'functional'] | Easy Programming Language (EPL, Chinese: 易语言) is a visual compiled multilingual[1] proprietary programming language. EPL is somewhat popular in China because it features a full Chinese environment. (T… | http://epl.eyuyan.com/ | |
| epl | Eltron Programming Language (EPL) is a printer control language used to produce printed labels for various Eltron model printers. | ||||
| erlang | 1986 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'concurrent', 'functional'] | ['Dynamic', 'strong'] | Erlang (/ˈɜːrlæŋ/ UR-lang) is a general-purpose, concurrent, functional programming language, and a garbage-collected runtime system. The term Erlang is used interchangeably with Erlang/OTP, or Open T… | http://www.erlang.org/ |
| es | 1989 | ['imperative', 'pipeline'] | ['weak'] | rc (for "run commands") is the command line interpreter for Version 10 Unix and Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating systems. It resembles the Bourne shell, but its syntax is somewhat simpler. It was creat… | http://doc.cat-v.org/plan_9/4th_edition/papers/rc |
| escher | 1990 | ['declarative', 'functional', 'logic'] | ['static', 'manifest'] | Escher (named for M. C. Escher, "a master of endless loops") is a declarative programming language that supports both functional programming and logic programming models, developed by J.W. Lloyd in th… | |
| espol | The Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language (ESPOL) is a programming language, a superset of ALGOL 60, that provides abilities of what would later be termed a system programming language or machin… | ||||
| esterel | Esterel is a synchronous programming language for the development of complex reactive systems. The imperative programming style of Esterel allows the simple expression of parallelism and preemption. A… | ||||
| etoys | 1996 | ['object-oriented', 'prototype-based', 'educational'] | ['dynamic'] | Etoys is a child-friendly computer environment and object-oriented prototype-based programming language for use in education. | |
| euclid | 1970 | ['multi-paradigm', 'structured', 'imperative', 'functional'] | ['strong', 'static'] | Euclid is an imperative programming language for writing verifiable programs. It was designed by Butler Lampson and associates at the Xerox PARC lab in the mid-1970s. The implementation was led by Ric… | |
| euler | 1965 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['dynamic'] | Euler is a programming language created by Niklaus Wirth and Helmut Weber, conceived as an extension and generalization of ALGOL 60.[1][2][3] The designers' goals were to create a language that is: | |
| euphoria | 1993 | ['Imperative, procedural'] | Euphoria is a programming language created by Robert Craig of Rapid Deployment Software[1] in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Initially developed (though not publicly released) on the Atari ST,[2] the first… | http://openeuphoria.org/ | |
| euslisp robot programming language | EusLisp is a Lisp-based programming system. Built on the basis of object orientation, it is designed specifically for developing robotics software. The first version of it ran in 1986 on Unix-System5/… | ||||
| cms exec | CMS EXEC, or EXEC, is an interpreted, command procedure control, computer scripting language used by the CMS EXEC Processor supplied with the IBM Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System (VM/CMS)… | ||||
| exec 2 | EXEC 2 is an interpreted, command procedure control, computer scripting language used by the EXEC 2 Processor supplied with the IBM Virtual Machine/System Product (VM/SP) operating system.[1] | ||||
| executable uml | Executable UML (xtUML or xUML) is both a software development method and a highly abstract software language. It was described for the first time in 2002 in the book "Executable UML: A Foundation for… | ||||
| ezhil | 2007 | ['interpreted', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['strong', 'dynamic'] | Ezhil, in Tamil language script (Tamil: எழில், romanized: Eḻil, lit. 'beauty', Tamil pronunciation: [eɻil̪]), is a compact, open source, interpreted, programming language, originally designed to enabl… | http://ezhillang.org/ |
| f | ['procedural', 'modular'] | ['static', 'manifest'] | F is a modular, compiled, numeric programming language, designed for scientific programming and scientific computation.[1] F was developed as a modern Fortran, thus making it a subset of Fortran 95.[2… | ||
| f# | 2005 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative', 'object-oriented', 'metaprogramming', 'reflective', 'concurrent'] | ['Static', 'strong', 'inferred'] | F# (pronounced F sharp) is a functional-first, general purpose, strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming methods. F#… | http://fsharp.org/ |
| f* | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative'] | ['Dependent', 'inferred', 'static', 'strong'] | F* (pronounced F star) is a functional programming language inspired by ML and aimed at program verification. Its type system includes dependent types, monadic effects, and refinement types. This allo… | https://www.fstar-lang.org/ | |
| factor | 2003 | ['multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'concatenative', 'stack-oriented'] | ['strong', 'dynamic'] | Factor is a stack-oriented programming language created by Slava Pestov. Factor is dynamically typed and has automatic memory management, as well as powerful metaprogramming features. The language has… | http://factorcode.org/ |
| fantom | 2005 | ['multi-paradigm'] | ['static', 'dynamic'] | Fantom is a general purpose object-oriented programming language created by Brian and Andy Frank[4] that runs on the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), JavaScript, and the .NET Common Language Runtime (C… | http://www.fantom.org/ |
| faust | 2002 | FAUST (Functional AUdio STream) is a domain-specific purely functional programming language for implementing signal processing algorithms in the form of libraries, audio plug-ins, or standalone applic… | http://faust.grame.fr/ | ||
| ffp | 1977 | ['Function-level'] | FP (short for functional programming)[2] is a programming language created by John Backus to support the function-level programming[2] paradigm. This allows eliminating named variables. The language w… | ||
| fish | 2005 | fish is a Unix shell that attempts to be more interactive and user-friendly than those with a longer history (i.e. most other Unix shells) or those formulated as function-compatible replacements for t… | http://fishshell.com/ | ||
| fjölnir | 1980 | ['object-oriented'] | Fjölnir (also Fjolnir or Fjoelnir) is a programming language developed by professor Snorri Agnarsson of computer science at Háskóli Íslands (University of Iceland) that was mostly used in the 1980s. T… | ||
| fl | 1989 | ['Function-level', 'functional'] | ['Dynamic'] | FL (short for "Function Level") is a programming language created at the IBM Almaden Research Center by John Backus, John Williams, and Edward Wimmers in the 1980s and documented in a report from 1989… | |
| flavors | Flavors,[1] an early object-oriented extension to Lisp developed by Howard Cannon at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory for the Lisp machine and its programming language Lisp Machine Lisp, was… | ||||
| flex | In computing, the FLEX language was developed by Alan Kay in the late 1960s while exploring ideas that would later evolve into the Smalltalk programming language.[1] | ||||
| flix | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative', 'logic'] | ['inferred', 'static', 'strong', 'structural'] | Flix is a functional, imperative, and logic programming language developed at Aarhus University, with funding from the Independent Research Fund Denmark,[2] and by a community of open source contribut… | https://flix.dev/ | |
| floop | BlooP and FlooP are simple programming languages designed by Douglas Hofstadter to illustrate a point in his book Gödel, Escher, Bach.[1] BlooP is a non-Turing-complete programming language whose main… | ||||
| flow-matic | 1955 | ['imperative'] | FLOW-MATIC, originally known as B-0 (Business Language version 0), was the first English-like data processing language. It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand under Grace Hopper from 1955… | ||
| focal | 1968 | FOCAL is an interactive interpreted programming language based on JOSS and primarily used on Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-series machines. The name is an acronym for Formulating On-Line Cal… | |||
| focus | FOCUS is a fourth-generation programming language (4GL) computer programming language and development environment that is used to build database queries. Produced by Information Builders Inc., it was… | ||||
| foil | FOIL was the name for two different programming languages. | ||||
| formac | FORMAC, the FORmula MAnipulation Compiler, was the first computer algebra system to have significant use.[1] It was developed by Jean E. Sammet and her team, as an extension of FORTRAN IV. The compile… | ||||
| @formula | The Formula language is a scripting language used by Lotus Notes. It is often referred to as @Formula language (pronounced at-formula) because many language elements start with the @-character. Here i… | ||||
| forth | 1970 | ['Procedural', 'stack-oriented', 'reflective', 'concatenative'] | ['typeless'] | Forth is an imperative stack-based computer programming language and environment originally designed by Chuck Moore. Language features include structured programming, reflection (the ability to examin… | |
| fortran | 1957 | ['multi-paradigm', 'structured', 'imperative', 'procedural', 'object-oriented', 'generic', 'array'] | ['strong', 'static', 'manifest'] | Fortran (/ˈfɔːrtræn/; formerly FORTRAN, derived from Formula Translation[2]) is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scienti… | https://fortran-lang.org/ |
| fortress | 2006 | ['Static'] | Fortress is a discontinued experimental programming language for high-performance computing, created by Sun Microsystems with funding from DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems project. One of t… | https://github.com/stokito/fortress-lang | |
| fp | 1977 | ['Function-level'] | FP (short for functional programming)[2] is a programming language created by John Backus to support the function-level programming[2] paradigm. This allows eliminating named variables. The language w… | ||
| franz lisp | 1980 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'procedural', 'reflective', 'meta'] | ['Dynamic', 'strong'] | In computer programming, Franz Lisp is a discontinued Lisp programming language system written at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, UCB) by Professor Richard Fateman and several stu… | |
| futhark | 2014 | ['Array', 'functional'] | ['static', 'strong'] | Futhark is a functional data parallel array programming language originally developed at DIKU as part of the HIPERFIT project.[1] It focuses on enabling data parallel programs written in a functional… | https://futhark-lang.org/ |
| f-script | 2009 | ['multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'array'] | ['dynamic'] | F-Script is an object-oriented scripting programming language for Apple's macOS operating system developed by Philippe Mougin. F-Script is an interactive language based on Smalltalk, using macOS's nat… | https://github.com/pmougin/F-Script |
| game maker language | 1999 | GameMaker (originally Animo and later Game Maker until 2011) is a series of cross-platform game engines created by Mark Overmars in 1999 and developed by YoYo Games since 2007. The latest iteration is… | https://www.yoyogames.com/gamemaker | ||
| scripting language | A scripting or script language is a programming language for a special run-time environment that automates the execution of tasks;[1] the tasks could alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human op… | ||||
| gamemonkey script | GameMonkey Script is a small, cross-platform scripting language designed for embedding into games. GameMonkey bears many similarities to Lua, except the syntax is more similar to that of C. | ||||
| gams | The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) is a high-level modeling system for mathematical optimization. GAMS is designed for modeling and solving linear, nonlinear, and mixed-integer optimization… | https://www.gams.com/ | |||
| gap | GAP (Groups, Algorithms and Programming) is a computer algebra system for computational discrete algebra with particular emphasis on computational group theory. | https://www.gap-system.org/ | |||
| g-code | 1950 | ['Procedural', 'Imperative'] | G-code (also RS-274) is the most widely used computer numerical control (CNC) programming language. It is used mainly in computer-aided manufacturing to control automated machine tools, and has many v… | ||
| gdscript | 2014 | Godot is a 2D and 3D, cross-platform, free and open-source game engine released under the MIT license. It was initially developed by Argentinians Juan Linietsky and Ariel Manzur[5] for several compani… | https://godotengine.org/ | ||
| genie | 2008 | ['multi-paradigm', 'imperative', 'structured', 'object-oriented'] | ['static', 'strong'] | Genie is a modern, general-purpose high-level programming language in development since 2008.[1] It was designed as an alternative, simpler and cleaner dialect for the Vala compiler, while preserving… | https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Genie |
| gdl | In computer-aided design, Geometric Description Language (GDL) is the programming language of ArchiCAD library parts. GSM is the file format of these CAD objects. | ||||
| george | GEORGE (General Order Generator) is a programming language invented by Charles Leonard Hamblin in 1957.[1][2][3][4] | ||||
| glsl | OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) is a high-level shading language with a syntax based on the C programming language. It was created by the OpenGL ARB (OpenGL Architecture Review Board) to give developer… | ||||
| gnu e | 1991 | ['object-oriented'] | ['strong'] | GNU E is an extension of C++ designed for writing software systems to support persistent applications. It was designed as part of the Exodus project. | ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/exodus/E/ |
| gnu guile | 1993 | GNU Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extensions[3] (GNU Guile) is the preferred extension language system for the GNU Project[4] and features an implementation of the programming language Scheme. I… | https://gnu.org/software/guile | ||
| go | 2009 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'concurrent', 'functional', '[1]', 'imperative', 'object-oriented', '[2]', '[3]'] | ['Inferred', 'static', 'strong', 'structural', '[6]', '[7]'] | Go is a statically typed, compiled programming language designed at Google[14] by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson.[12] Go is syntactically similar to C, but with memory safety, garbage co… | https://golang.org/ |
| go! | 2003 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'concurrent', 'logic', 'functional', 'imperative', 'object-based'] | ['strong'] | Go! is an agent-based programming language in the tradition of logic-based programming languages like Prolog.[1] It was introduced in a 2003 paper by Francis McCabe and Keith Clark.[2] | |
| goal | 2001 | ['Multi-paradigm'] | ['Dynamic', 'latent', 'strong'] | Game Oriented Assembly Lisp (GOAL) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, made for video games developed by Andy Gavin and the Jak and Daxter team at the company Naughty Dog. | |
| gödel | 1992 | ['declarative', 'logic'] | ['strong'] | Gödel is a declarative, general-purpose programming language that adheres to the logic programming paradigm. It is a strongly typed language, the type system being based on many-sorted logic with para… | |
| golo | 2012 | ['Dynamic', 'weak'] | Golo is computer software, a programming language for the Java virtual machine (JVM). It is simple, with dynamic, weak typing. It was created in 2012 as part of the research activities of the DynaMid… | http://golo-lang.org/ | |
| gom | 1959 | ['Imperative'] | MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) is a programming language and compiler for the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709, IBM 7090, IBM 7040, UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC 1108, Philco 210-211, and eventually the IBM S/37… | ||
| google apps script | 2009 | Apps Script is a scripting platform developed by Google for light-weight application development in the Google Workspace platform. Google Apps Script was initially developed by Mike Harm as a side pro… | https://script.google.com/ | ||
| gosu | ['static'] | Gosu is a statically-typed general-purpose programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine. Its influences include Java, C#, and ECMAScript. Development of Gosu began in 2002 internally for… | http://gosu-lang.org/ | ||
| gotran | The IBM 1620 was announced by IBM on October 21, 1959,[1] and marketed as an inexpensive "scientific computer".[2] After a total production of about two thousand machines, it was withdrawn on November… | ||||
| gpss | General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS) is a discrete time simulation general-purpose programming language, where a simulation clock advances in discrete steps. A system is modelled as transactions e… | ||||
| graphtalk | Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) was an American multinational corporation that provided information technology (IT) services and professional services. On April 3, 2017, it merged with the Enterpr… | ||||
| grass | GRASS (GRAphics Symbiosis System) is a programming language created to script 2D vector graphics animations. GRASS was similar to BASIC in syntax, but added numerous instructions for specifying 2D obj… | ||||
| grasshopper | 2007 | ['visual programming'] | Grasshopper is a visual programming language and environment that runs within the Rhinoceros 3D computer-aided design (CAD) application. The program was created by David Rutten at Robert McNeel & Asso… | http://grasshopper3d.com/ | |
| groovy | 2003 | ['Object-oriented', 'imperative', 'scripting'] | ['Dynamic', 'static', 'strong', 'duck'] | Apache Groovy is a Java-syntax-compatible object-oriented programming language for the Java platform. It is both a static and dynamic language with features similar to those of Python, Ruby, and Small… | https://groovy-lang.org/ |
| hack | 2014 | ['Static', 'dynamic', 'weak', 'gradual'] | Hack is a programming language for the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM), created by Facebook as a dialect of PHP. The language implementation is open-source, licensed under the MIT License.[2][3][4] | https://hacklang.org/ | |
| haggis | Haggis is a high-level reference programming language used primarily to examine computing science for Scottish pupils taking SQA courses on the subject.[1] Haggis is used as a tool to bridge the gap b… | ||||
| hal/s | HAL/S (High-order Assembly Language/Shuttle)[1][2] is a real-time aerospace programming language compiler and cross-compiler for avionics applications used by NASA and associated agencies (JPL, etc.).… | ||||
| halide | 2012 | ['functional', 'parallel'] | ['static'] | Halide is a computer programming language designed for writing digital image processing code that takes advantage of memory locality, vectorized computation and multi-core CPUs and GPUs.[1] Halide is… | http://halide-lang.org/ |
| hamilton c shell | 1988 | Hamilton C shell is a clone of the Unix C shell and utilities[1][2] for Microsoft Windows created by Nicole Hamilton[3] at Hamilton Laboratories as a completely original work, not based on any prior c… | https://hamiltonlabs.com/Cshell.htm | ||
| harbour | 1999 | ['multi-paradigm', 'imperative', 'functional', 'object-oriented', 'reflective'] | ['duck', 'dynamic', 'safe', 'strong'] | Harbour is a computer programming language, primarily used to create database/business programs. It is a modernized, open sourced and cross-platform version of the older Clipper system, which in turn… | https://harbour.github.io/ |
| hartmann pipelines | 1986 | ['Dataflow programming'] | CMS Pipelines implements the pipeline concept under the VM/CMS operating system. The programs in a pipeline operate on a sequential stream of records. A program writes records that are read by the nex… | http://vm.marist.edu/~pipeline | |
| haskell | 1990 | ['Purely functional'] | ['Inferred', 'static', 'strong'] | Haskell /ˈhæskəl/[27] is a general-purpose, statically typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation.[28][29] Developed to be suitable for teaching, research an… | https://www.haskell.org/ |
| haxe | 2005 | ['Multi-paradigm'] | ['Static', 'dynamic', 'nominal'] | Haxe is an open source[2] high-level cross-platform programming language and compiler that can produce applications and source code, for many different computing platforms from one code-base. It is fr… | http://haxe.org/ |
| hermes | Hermes[1] [2] is a language for distributed programming[3] that was developed at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center from 1986 through 1992, with an open-source compiler and run-time system.[4] Her… | ||||
| high level assembly | High Level Assembly (HLA) is a high-level assembly language developed by Randall Hyde. It allows the use of higher-level language constructs to aid both beginners and advanced assembly developers. It… | http://plantation-productions.com/Webster | |||
| hlsl | The High-Level Shader Language[1] or High-Level Shading Language[2] (HLSL) is a proprietary shading language developed by Microsoft for the Direct3D 9 API to augment the shader assembly language, and… | ||||
| hollywood | 2002 | Hollywood is a commercially distributed programming language developed by Andreas Falkenhahn (Airsoft Softwair) which mainly focuses on the creation of multimedia-oriented applications. Hollywood is a… | http://www.hollywood-mal.com/ | ||
| holyc | 2005 | TempleOS (formerly J Operating System, LoseThos, and SparrowOS) is a biblical-themed lightweight operating system designed to be the Third Temple prophesied in the Bible. It was created by American pr… | http://templeos.org/ | ||
| hop | 2006 | ['multi-paradigm'] | Hop is a Lisp-like programming language by Manuel Serrano for web 2.0 and also the name of the web broker (server and proxy) that implements this language. It is written in Bigloo Scheme. It is a proj… | http://hop.inria.fr/ | |
| hopscotch | Hopscotch is a visual programming language developed by Hopscotch Technologies, designed to allow young or beginner programmers to develop simple projects. Its simple UI allows its users to drag and d… | ||||
| hope | Hope is a small functional programming language developed in the 1970s at the University of Edinburgh.[1][2] It predates Miranda and Haskell and is contemporaneous with ML, also developed at the Unive… | ||||
| hugo | Interactive fiction, often abbreviated IF, is software simulating environments in which players use text commands to control characters and influence the environment. Works in this form can be underst… | ||||
| hume | Hume is a functionally based programming language developed at the University of St Andrews and Heriot-Watt University in Scotland since the year 2000. The language name is both an acronym meaning 'Hi… | ||||
| hypertalk | 1987 | ['procedural', 'event-driven'] | HyperTalk is a discontinued high-level, procedural programming language created in 1987 by Dan Winkler and used in conjunction with Apple Computer's HyperCard hypermedia program by Bill Atkinson. Beca… | ||
| io | 2002 | ['object-oriented', 'prototype-based'] | ['dynamic', 'strong'] | Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript.[2] Io has a prototype-based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript,… | https://iolanguage.org/ |
| icon | 1977 | ['multi-paradigm', 'structured'] | ['dynamic'] | Icon is a very high-level programming language featuring goal-directed execution and many facilities for managing strings and textual patterns. It is related to SNOBOL and SL5, string processing langu… | http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon |
| ibm basic assembly language | Basic Assembly Language (BAL) is the commonly used term for a low-level programming language used on IBM System/360 and successor mainframes. Originally, "Basic Assembly Language" applied only to an e… | ||||
| ibm hascript | HAScript, or Host Access Script, is an IBM-developed macro language with an XML syntax designed for programmatic interaction with terminal-based applications. HAScript is based on a state machine prin… | ||||
| ibm informix-4gl | Informix-4GL is a 4GL programming language developed by Informix during the mid-1980s. | ||||
| ibm rpg | 1959 | ['Multi-paradigm'] | ['Strong', 'static'] | RPG is a modern proprietary high-level programming language (HLL) for business applications, popular on the IBM i operating system on IBM Power Systems hardware. The current version, RPG IV, a.k.a. IL… | |
| idl | 1977 | ['vector-oriented programming'] | ['Dynamic'] | IDL, short for Interactive Data Language, is a programming language used for data analysis. It is popular in particular areas of science, such as astronomy, atmospheric physics and medical imaging.[ci… | https://www.harrisgeospatial.com/Software-Technology/IDL |
| idris | 2007 | ['Functional'] | Idris is a purely-functional programming language with dependent types, optional lazy evaluation, and features such as a totality checker. Idris may be used as a proof assistant, but it is designed to… | http://idris-lang.org/ | |
| inform | Inform is a programming language and design system for interactive fiction originally created in 1993 by Graham Nelson. Inform can generate programs designed for the Z-code or Glulx virtual machines.… | http://inform7.com/ | |||
| j | 1990 | ['dynamic'] | The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui,[5][6] is an array programming language based primarily on APL (also by Iverson). | http://www.jsoftware.com/ | |
| j# | 2002 | Visual J# (pronounced "jay-sharp") was an implementation of the J# programming language that was a transitional language for programmers of Java and Visual J++ languages, so they could use their exist… | http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/vjsharp/default.aspx | ||
| j++ | Visual J++ (pronounced "Jay Plus Plus") is Microsoft's discontinued implementation of Java. Syntax, keywords, and grammatical conventions were the same as Java's. It was introduced in 1996[1] and disc… | ||||
| jade | JADE is a proprietary object-oriented software development and deployment platform product from the New Zealand-based Jade Software Corporation, first released in 1996.[1][2] It consists of the JADE p… | ||||
| jai | Jonathan David Blow (born November 3, 1971)[1] is an American video game designer, programmer and Twitch streamer, who is best known as the creator of the independent video games Braid (2008) and The… | http://number-none.com/blow | |||
| jal | JAL (Just Another Language) is a Pascal-like programming language and compiler that generates executable code for PIC microcontrollers. It is a free-format language with a compiler that runs on Linux,… | ||||
| janus | 1990 | ['concurrent constraint logic'] | Janus is a computer programming language partially described by K. Kahn and Vijay A. Saraswat in the paper "Actors as a special case of concurrent constraint (logic) programming" in 1990.[1] It is a c… | ||
| janus | 2007 | ['imperative', 'procedural', 'reversible'] | Janus is a time-reversible programming language written at Caltech in 1982.[1] The operational semantics of the language were formally specified, together with a program inverter and an invertible sel… | http://tetsuo.jp/ref/janus.html | |
| jass | The Warcraft III World Editor is the built-in level editor for the real-time strategy game Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and its expansion set Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne. Incorporating the core me… | ||||
| java | 1995 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'generic', 'object-oriented', 'class-based', 'imperative', 'reflective'] | ['Static, strong, safe', 'nominative', 'manifest'] | Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose programming language intended to let applic… | http://oracle.com/java/ |
| javafx script | JavaFX Script was a scripting language designed by Sun Microsystems, forming part of the JavaFX family of technologies on the Java Platform. | http://javafx.com/ | |||
| javascript | 1995 | ['event-driven', 'functional', 'imperative'] | ['Dynamic', 'duck'] | JavaScript (/ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/),[8] often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification.[9] JavaScript is high-level, often just-in-time compiled, and multi-… | |
| jess | Jess is a rule engine for the Java platform that was developed by Ernest Friedman-Hill of Sandia National Labs.[1] It is a superset of the CLIPS programming language.[1] It was first written in late 1… | http://www.jessrules.com/ | |||
| jcl | Job Control Language (JCL) is a name for scripting languages used on IBM mainframe operating systems to instruct the system on how to run a batch job or start a subsystem.[1] | ||||
| jean | JEAN was a dialect of the JOSS programming language developed for and used on ICT 1900 series computers in the late 1960s and early 1970s; it was implemented under the MINIMOP operating system. It was… | ||||
| join java | 2000 | ['Procedural', 'Reflective'] | Join Java is a programming language based on the join-pattern that extends the standard Java programming language with the join semantics of the join-calculus. It was written at the University of Sout… | http://joinjava.unisa.edu.au/ | |
| joss | 1963 | JOSS, an acronym for JOHNNIAC Open Shop System,[a] was one of the first interactive, time-sharing programming languages. It pioneered a number of features that would become common in languages from th… | |||
| joule | 1996 | ['multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'distributed', 'Dataflow'] | Joule is a concurrent dataflow programming language, designed for building distributed applications. It is so concurrent that the order of statements within a block is irrelevant to the operation of t… | ||
| jovial | 1960 | ['Procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['static', 'strong', 'safe', 'structural'] | JOVIAL is a high-level programming language similar to ALGOL, specialized for developing embedded systems (specialized computer systems designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, usually em… | |
| joy | 2001 | ['multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'concatenative', 'stack-oriented'] | ['strong', 'dynamic'] | The Joy programming language in computer science is a purely functional programming language that was produced by Manfred von Thun of La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. Joy is based on compo… | |
| jscript | 1996 | ['Dynamic', 'weak', 'duck'] | JScript is Microsoft's dialect of the ECMAScript standard[2] that is used in Microsoft's Internet Explorer. | http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/hbxc2t98.aspx | |
| jscript .net | ['multi-paradigm'] | ['duck', 'weak', 'dynamic'] | JScript .NET is a .NET programming language developed by Microsoft. | ||
| julia | 2012 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'multiple dispatch', 'procedural', 'functional', 'meta', 'multistaged', '[1]'] | ['Dynamic', '[9]', 'strong', '[10]', 'nominative', 'parametric', 'optional'] | Julia is a high-level, high-performance, dynamic programming language. While it is a general-purpose language and can be used to write any application, many of its features are well suited for numeric… | https://julialang.org/ |
| jython | 2001 | Jython is an implementation of the Python programming language designed to run on the Java platform. The implementation was formerly known as JPython until 1999.[3] | https://www.jython.org/ | ||
| k | 1993 | ['array', 'functional'] | ['dynamic', 'strong'] | K is a proprietary array processing programming language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems. The language serves as the foundation for kdb+, an in-memory, column-based databa… | http://kx.com/ |
| kaleidoscope | The Kaleidoscope programming language is a constraint programming language embedding constraints into an imperative object-oriented language. It adds keywords always, once, and assert..during (formerl… | ||||
| karel | 1981 | ['procedural'] | Karel is an educational programming language for beginners, created by Richard E. Pattis in his book Karel The Robot: A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Programming. Pattis used the language in his c… | ||
| kee | IntelliCorp (IC) sold its assets including LiveCompare, LiveModel and LiveInterface to Tricentis in May 2019. | ||||
| kixtart | 1991 | KiXtart is a closed source free-format scripting language for Windows. It is described as a logon script processor and enhanced batch scripting language by the official website.[2] Its name is a portm… | http://www.kixtart.org/ | ||
| klerer-may system | The Klerer–May System is a programming language developed in the mid-1960s, oriented to numerical scientific programming, whose most notable feature is its two-dimensional syntax based on traditional… | ||||
| kif | Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) is a computer language designed to enable systems to share and re-use information from knowledge-based systems. KIF is similar to frame languages such as KL-One and… | ||||
| kojo | 2010 | ['object-oriented', 'functional'] | ['strong'] | Kojo is a programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) for computer programming and learning. It has many different features that enable playing, exploring, creating, and learning… | http://www.kogics.net/kojo |
| kotlin | 2011 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'functional', 'imperative', 'block structured', 'declarative', 'generic', 'reflective', 'concurrent'] | ['Inferred', 'static', 'strong'] | Kotlin (/ˈkɒtlɪn/)[2] is a cross-platform, statically typed, general-purpose programming language with type inference. Kotlin is designed to interoperate fully with Java, and the JVM version of Kotlin… | https://kotlinlang.org/ |
| krc | 1981 | ['functional'] | KRC (Kent Recursive Calculator) is a lazy functional language developed by David Turner from November 1979 to October 1981[1] based on SASL, with pattern matching, guards and ZF expressions[2] (now mo… | ||
| krl | 1976 | ['knowledge representation'] | KRL is a knowledge representation language, developed by Daniel G. Bobrow and Terry Winograd while at Xerox PARC and Stanford University, respectively. It is a frame-based language. | ||
| kuka robot language | The KUKA Robot Language, also known as KRL, is a proprietary programming language similar to Pascal and used to control KUKA robots.[1][2] | ||||
| krypton | Krypton (styled KRYPTON) is a frame-based computer programming language. | ||||
| kornshell | 1983 | KornShell (ksh) is a Unix shell which was developed by David Korn at Bell Labs in the early 1980s and announced at USENIX on July 14, 1983.[1][2] The initial development was based on Bourne shell sour… | http://www.kornshell.org/ | ||
| kodu | 2009 | Kodu, originally named Boku, is a programming integrated development environment (IDE) by Microsoft's FUSE Labs. It runs on Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and W… | http://kodugamelab.com/ | ||
| kv | 2011 | Kivy is a free and open source Python framework for developing mobile apps and other multitouch application software with a natural user interface (NUI). It is distributed under the terms of the MIT L… | https://kivy.org/ | ||
| labview | 1986 | Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW)[1]:3 is a system-design platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. | https://www.ni.com/labview | ||
| ladder | Ladder logic was originally a written method to document the design and construction of relay racks as used in manufacturing and process control.[1] Each device in the relay rack would be represented… | ||||
| lansa | LANSA is an integrated development environment (IDE) for building desktop, web and mobile software applications that can be deployed to Cloud, Windows, Linux and IBM i server platforms. | ||||
| lasso | 1995 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'structured', 'object-oriented', 'multi-dis', 'imperative', 'procedural', 'concurrent', 'exp-oriented', 'Meta', 'reflective'] | ['Dynamic', 'nominative', 'duck'] | Lasso is an application server and server management interface used to develop internet applications and is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. Originally a web datasource connection t… | http://www.lassosoft.com/ |
| lava | Lava is an experimental, visual object-oriented, interpreter-based programming language with an associated programming environment (Lava Programming Environment or LavaPE) that uses structure editors… | ||||
| lc-3 | Little Computer 3, or LC-3, is a type of computer educational programming language, an assembly language, which is a type of low-level programming language. | ||||
| lean | 2013 | Lean is a theorem prover and programming language. It is based on the calculus of constructions with inductive types. | https://leanprover.github.io/ | ||
| legoscript | Lego Mindstorms is a hardware and software structure which is produced by Lego for the development of programmable robots based on Lego building blocks. Each version of the system includes a computer… | https://www.lego.com/mindstorms | |||
| lil | LIL, the Little Implementation Language, was a system programming language during the early days of Unix history on PDP-11 machines. It was written by P. J. Plauger of Bell Labs. | ||||
| lilypond | 1996 | LilyPond is a computer program and file format for music engraving. One of LilyPond's major goals is to produce scores that are engraved with traditional layout rules, reflecting the era when scores w… | http://lilypond.org/ | ||
| limbo | 1995 | ['Concurrent'] | ['Strong'] | Limbo is a programming language for writing distributed systems and is the language used to write applications for the Inferno operating system. It was designed at Bell Labs by Sean Dorward, Phil Wint… | http://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/limbo.html |
| limnor | Limnor is a generic-purpose codeless and visual programming system. The aim is to enable users to create computer software without directly coding in a texture programming language. It can be extended… | ||||
| linc | LINC ("Logic and Information Network Compiler") is a fourth-generation programming language,[1] used mostly on Unisys computer systems. | ||||
| lingo | Lingo is a verbose object-oriented (OO) scripting language developed by John H. Thompson for use in Adobe Director (formerly Macromedia Director). Lingo is used to develop desktop application software… | ||||
| linq | Language Integrated Query (LINQ, pronounced "link") is a Microsoft .NET Framework component that adds native data querying capabilities to .NET languages, originally released as a major part of .NET F… | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/using-linq | |||
| lis | LIS (Language d'Implementation de Systèmes) was a system implementation programming language designed by Jean Ichbiah, who later designed Ada. | ||||
| lisa | 2007 | LISA (Language for Instruction Set Architectures) is a language to describe the instruction set architecture of a processor. LISA captures the information required to generate software tools (compiler… | http://www.ice.rwth-aachen.de/research/tools-projects/lisa/lisa | ||
| language h | 1962 | ['procedural'] | Language H is a proprietary, procedural programming language created by NCR based on COBOL. The first compiler was developed in August 1962 to run on the National-Elliott 405M and produce object code… | ||
| lisp | 1958 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'procedural', 'reflective', 'meta'] | ['Dynamic', 'strong'] | Lisp (historically LISP) is a family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation.[3] Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest hig… | |
| lite-c | 2007 | Lite-C is a programming language for multimedia applications and personal computer games, using a syntax subset of the C language with some elements of the C++ language. Its main difference to C is th… | http://www.3dgamestudio.de/litec.php | ||
| lithe | Lithe is an experimental programming language created in 1982 by David Sandberg at the University of Washington which allows the programmer to freely choose their own syntax. Lithe combines the ideas… | ||||
| little b | 2004 | ['functional'] | ['dynamic', 'strong'] | Little b is a domain-specific programming language, more specifically, a modeling language, designed to build modular mathematical models of biological systems. It was designed and authored by Aneil M… | https://web.archive.org/web/20051102195348/http://www.littleb.org/ |
| lll | 2015 | Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain featuring smart contract functionality. Ether (ETH) is the native cryptocurrency of the platform. It is the second-largest cryptocurrency by market… | http://ethereum.org/ | ||
| logo | 1967 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'educational', 'procedural', 'reflective'] | ['dynamic'] | Logo is an educational programming language, designed in 1967 by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, and Cynthia Solomon.[1] Logo is not an acronym: the name was coined by Feurzeig while he was at Bolt, B… | |
| logtalk | 1998 | ['Logic programming', 'object-oriented programming', 'prototype-based programming'] | Logtalk is an object-oriented logic programming language that extends and leverages the Prolog language with a feature set suitable for programming in the large.[1] It provides support for encapsulati… | https://logtalk.org/ | |
| lotusscript | LotusScript is an object oriented programming language used by Lotus Notes (since version 4.0) and other IBM Lotus Software products. | ||||
| lpc | LPMud, abbreviated LP, is a family of MUD server software. Its first instance, the original LPMud game driver, was developed in 1989 by Lars Pensjö (hence the LP in LPMud).[1][2][3] LPMud was innovati… | ||||
| lse | LSE (French: Langage symbolique d'enseignement) is a programming language developed at Supélec and Télémécanique from the late 1960s to the mid 1970s.[1][2][3][4]It is similar to BASIC, except with Fr… | ||||
| lsl | 2003 | Second Life is an online virtual world, developed and owned by the San Francisco-based firm Linden Lab and launched on June 23, 2003. It saw rapid growth for some years and in 2013 it had approximatel… | http://www.secondlife.com/ | ||
| livecode | 2001 | LiveCode (formerly Revolution and MetaCard[3]) is a cross-platform[4] rapid application development runtime system inspired by HyperCard. It features the LiveCode Script (formerly MetaTalk) programmin… | http://livecode.org/ | ||
| livescript | 2011 | ['multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'object-oriented'] | ['dynamic', 'weak'] | LiveScript is a functional programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It was created by Jeremy Ashkenas—the creator of CoffeeScript—along with Satoshi Muramaki, George Zahariev, and many others… | http://livescript.net/ |
| lua | 1993 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'scripting', 'imperative', 'procedural', 'prototype-based', 'object-oriented', 'functional'] | ['Dynamic', 'strong', 'duck'] | Lua (/ˈluːə/ LOO-ə; from Portuguese: lua [ˈlu.(w)ɐ] meaning moon)[a] is a lightweight, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language designed primarily for embedded use in applications.[3] Lua is cr… | https://www.lua.org/ |
| lucid | 1976 | ['Dataflow'] | Lucid is a dataflow programming language designed to experiment with non-von Neumann programming models. It was designed by Bill Wadge and Ed Ashcroft and described in the 1985 book Lucid, the Dataflo… | ||
| lustre | Lustre is a formally defined, declarative, and synchronous dataflow programming language for programming reactive systems. It began as a research project in the early 1980s. A formal presentation of t… | ||||
| lyapas | 1964 | ['Array', 'functional', 'structured', 'modular'] | ['Dynamic'] | Logical Language for the Representation of Synthesis Algorithms (LYaPAS, Russian: ЛЯПАС) is a programming language created by Arkady Zakrevsky in the Soviet Union. | |
| lynx | Lynx is a programming language for large distributed networks, using remote procedure calls. It was developed by the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1984 for the Charlotte multicomputer operating s… | ||||
| m2001 | M2001 is a modular educational mathematical programming language for developing and presenting mathematical algorithms, from the modern discrete to the classical continuous mathematics. M2001 is built… | ||||
| m4 | 1977 | ['macro'] | m4 is a general-purpose macro processor included in most Unix-like operating systems, and is a component of the POSIX standard. | ||
| m# | 2012 | ['multi-paradigm', 'structured', 'object-oriented', 'event-driven', 'procedural', 'meta'] | ['static', 'dynamic'] | M# (pronounced em sharp) is a code generation tool and a domain-specific language that can be used to create websites and web applications.[1] It can translate entities and page definitions to ASP.NET… | http://www.msharp.co.uk/ |
| machine code | In computer programming, machine code, consisting of machine language instructions, is a low-level programming language used to directly control a computer's central processing unit (CPU). Each instru… | ||||
| mad | 1959 | ['Imperative'] | MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) is a programming language and compiler for the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709, IBM 7090, IBM 7040, UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC 1108, Philco 210-211, and eventually the IBM S/37… | ||
| mad/i | 1959 | ['Imperative'] | MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) is a programming language and compiler for the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709, IBM 7090, IBM 7040, UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC 1108, Philco 210-211, and eventually the IBM S/37… | ||
| magik | Magik is an object-oriented programming language that supports multiple inheritance and polymorphism, and it is dynamically typed. It was designed and implemented in 1989 by Arthur Chance of Smallworl… | ||||
| magma | Magma is a computer algebra system designed to solve problems in algebra, number theory, geometry and combinatorics. It is named after the algebraic structure magma. It runs on Unix-like operating sys… | http://magma.maths.usyd.edu.au/ | |||
| máni | Máni (Old Norse "Moon"[1]) is the Moon personified in Germanic mythology. Máni, personified, is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Pros… | ||||
| maple | 1982 | Maple is a symbolic and numeric computing environment as well as a multi-paradigm programming language. It covers several areas of technical computing, such as symbolic mathematics, numerical analysis… | https://www.maplesoft.com/products/Maple/ | ||
| mapper | MAPPER, now known as BIS, is a fourth-generation programming language from Sperry Univac. Mapper originated in the 1970s[1] based on some work in the 1960s,[2] but has been kept current. It was rename… | ||||
| mark-iv | MARK IV is a fourth-generation programming language that was created by Informatics, Inc. in the 1960s. Informatics took advantage of IBM's decision to unbundle their software; MARK IV was the first "… | ||||
| mary | 1971 | ['imperative'] | ['static', 'strong'] | Mary is a programming language designed and implemented by RUNIT at Trondheim, Norway in the 1970s. It borrowed many features from ALGOL 68 but was designed for systems programming (machine-oriented p… | |
| matlab | 1970 | ['multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative', 'procedural', 'object-oriented', 'array'] | ['dynamic', 'weak'] | MATLAB (an abbreviation of "matrix laboratory") is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plott… | https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html |
| masm microsoft assembly x86 | 1981 | The Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM) is an x86 assembler that uses the Intel syntax for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows. Beginning with MASM 8.0, there are two versions of the assembler: One for 16-bit &… | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/assembler/masm/microsoft-macro-assembler-reference | ||
| math-matic | 1957 | ['imperative'] | MATH-MATIC is the marketing name for the AT-3 (Algebraic Translator 3) compiler, an early programming language for the UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II. | ||
| maude system | The Maude system is an implementation of rewriting logic developed at SRI International. It is similar in its general approach to Joseph Goguen's OBJ3 implementation of equational logic, but based on… | ||||
| maxima | 1982 | Maxima (/ˈmæksɪmə/) is a computer algebra system (CAS) based on a 1982 version of Macsyma. It is written in Common Lisp and runs on all POSIX platforms such as macOS, Unix, BSD, and Linux, as well as… | https://maxima.sourceforge.io/ | ||
| macsyma | Macsyma (/ˈmæksɪmə/; "Project MAC's SYmbolic MAnipulator")[1] is one of the oldest general-purpose computer algebra systems still in wide use. It was originally developed from 1968 to 1982 at MIT's Pr… | ||||
| max | Max, also known as Max/MSP/Jitter, is a visual programming language for music and multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco-based software company Cycling '74. Over its more than thirty-yea… | https://cycling74.com/products/max/ | |||
| maxscript | 1996 | Autodesk 3ds Max, formerly 3D Studio and 3D Studio Max, is a professional 3D computer graphics program for making 3D animations, models, games and images. It is developed and produced by Autodesk Medi… | https://www.autodesk.com/products/3ds-max/overview | ||
| maya | The Maya Embedded Language (MEL) is a scripting language used to simplify tasks in Autodesk's 3D Graphics Software Maya. Most tasks that can be achieved through Maya's GUI can be achieved with MEL, as… | ||||
| mdl | 1971 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'procedural', 'reflective', 'meta'] | ['Dynamic', 'strong'] | MDL (Model Development Language,[1] or colloquially also referred to as More Datatypes than Lisp[2]:3 or MIT Design Language[citation needed]) is a programming language, a descendant of the language L… | |
| mercury | 1995 | ['Logic', 'functional', 'object-oriented'] | ['Strong', 'static', 'polymorphic'] | Mercury is a functional logic programming language made for real-world uses. The first version was developed at the University of Melbourne, Computer Science department, by Fergus Henderson, Thomas Co… | http://www.mercurylang.org/ |
| mesa | 1976 | Mesa[1] is a programming language developed in the late 1970s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in Palo Alto, California, United States. The language name was a pun based upon the programming lan… | |||
| mheg-5 | MHEG-5, or ISO/IEC 13522-5,[1] is part of a set of international standards relating to the presentation of multimedia information, standardised by the Multimedia and Hypermedia Experts Group (MHEG). I… | ||||
| microcode | A microassembler is a computer program that helps prepare a microprogram, called firmware, to control the low level operation of a computer in much the same way an assembler helps prepare higher level… | ||||
| microscript | TRON (acronym for "The Real-time Operating system Nucleus") is an open architecture real-time operating system kernel design. The project was started by Prof. Dr. Ken Sakamura of the University of Tok… | ||||
| miis | MIIS (Meditech Interpretive Information System) is a MUMPS-like programming language that was created by A.Neil Pappalardo and Curt W. Marble, on a DEC PDP at Mass General Hospital from 1964 to 1968.… | ||||
| milk | Milk is a programming language "that lets application developers manage memory more efficiently in programs that deal with scattered data points in large data sets."[1] | ||||
| mimic | MIMIC, known in capitalized form only, is a former simulation computer language developed 1964 by H. E. Petersen, F. J. Sansom and L. M. Warshawsky of Systems Engineering Group within the Air Force Ma… | ||||
| mirah | ['Object-oriented', 'imperative'] | ['static, with dynamic features', 'strong', 'inferred'] | Mirah (formerly Duby) is a programming language based on Ruby language syntax, local type inference, hybrid static–dynamic type system, and a pluggable compiler toolchain. Mirah was created by Charles… | http://www.mirah.org/ | |
| miranda | 1985 | ['lazy', 'functional', 'declarative'] | ['strong', 'static'] | Miranda is a lazy, purely functional programming language designed by David Turner as a successor to his earlier programming languages SASL and KRC, using some concepts from ML and Hope. It was produc… | http://miranda.org.uk/ |
| miva script | 1996 | ['imperative'] | Miva Script is a proprietary computer scripting language mainly used for internet applications such as e-commerce. As of 2015, it is developed, maintained and owned by Miva Merchant, Inc., based in Sa… | http://www.mivascript.com/ | |
| ml | 1973 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative'] | ['Inferred', 'static', 'strong'] | ML ("Meta Language") is a general-purpose functional programming language. ML is statically-scoped. It is known for its use of the polymorphic Hindley–Milner type system, which automatically assigns t… | |
| model 204 | Model 204 (M204) is a database management system for IBM and compatible mainframe computers developed and commercialized by Computer Corporation of America. It was announced in 1965,[1]:66[2] and firs… | ||||
| modelica | 1997 | ['Declarative language'] | Modelica is an object-oriented, declarative, multi-domain modeling language for component-oriented modeling of complex systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic,… | https://www.modelica.org/ | |
| modula | 1975 | ['Imperative', 'structured', 'modular'] | ['Static', 'strong', 'safe'] | The Modula programming language is a descendant of the Pascal language. It was developed in Switzerland, at ETH Zurich, in the mid-1970s by Niklaus Wirth, the same person who designed Pascal. The main… | |
| modula-2 | 1978 | ['imperative', 'structured', 'modular', 'data and procedure hiding', 'concurrent'] | ['Static', 'strong', 'safe'] | Modula-2 is a structured, procedural programming language developed between 1977 and 1985 by Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zurich. It was created as the language for the operating system (OS) and application s… | http://www.modula2.org/ |
| modula-3 | 1988 | ['imperative', 'structured', 'procedural', 'modular', 'concurrent'] | ['strong', 'static', 'safe', 'unsafe'] | Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2 known as Modula-2+. While it has been influential in research circles (influencing the designs of languag… | http://www.modula3.org/ |
| mohol | A system programming language is a programming language used for system programming; such languages are designed for writing system software, which usually requires different development approaches wh… | ||||
| moo | A MOO (MUD, object-oriented[1][2]) is a text-based online virtual reality system to which multiple users (players) are connected at the same time. | ||||
| mortran | Mortran (More Fortran) is an extension of the Fortran programming language used for scientific computation. It introduces syntax changes, including the use of semicolons to end statements, in order to… | ||||
| mouse | The Mouse programming language is a small computer programming language developed by Dr. Peter Grogono in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[1][2][3] It was developed as an extension of an earlier langua… | ||||
| mpd | Multithreaded, Parallel, and Distributed Programming (MPD) is a concurrent programming language whose syntax is derived from the one used in the book Foundations of Multithreaded, Parallel, and Distri… | ||||
| msl | 1995 | ['Event-driven programming', 'Procedural programming'] | ['Dynamic typing'] | The mIRC scripting language (often unofficially abbreviated to "mSL"[3][4]) is the scripting language embedded in mIRC, an IRC client for Windows. | http://mirc.com/ |
| mumps | 1966 | ['Imperative', 'Procedural'] | MUMPS ("Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System"), or M, is an integrated programming language and key–value database originally developed at Massachusetts General Hospital for… | ||
| mupad | MuPAD is a computer algebra system (CAS). Originally developed by the MuPAD research group at the University of Paderborn, Germany, development was taken over by the company SciFace Software GmbH & Co… | http://mathworks.com/discovery/mupad.html | |||
| mutan | 2015 | Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain featuring smart contract functionality. Ether (ETH) is the native cryptocurrency of the platform. It is the second-largest cryptocurrency by market… | http://ethereum.org/ | ||
| mystic programming language | Mystic BBS is a bulletin board system software program that began in 1995 and was first released to the public in December 1997 under the MS-DOS platform. It has since been ported to Microsoft Windows… | http://www.mysticbbs.com/ | |||
| nasm | 1996 | The Netwide Assembler (NASM) is an assembler and disassembler for the Intel x86 architecture. It can be used to write 16-bit, 32-bit (IA-32) and 64-bit (x86-64) programs. NASM is considered to be one… | https://www.nasm.us/ | ||
| napier88 | 1988 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'Procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | Napier88 is an orthogonally persistent programming language that was designed and implemented at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. The primary designer was Ron Morrison, whose initial designs we… | ||
| neko | 2005 | ['Object-oriented', 'structured', 'prototype-based', 'scripting'] | ['Dynamic'] | NekoVM is a virtual machine developed by Nicolas Cannasse as part of research and development (R&D) efforts at two indie video game firms in Bordeaux, France: first at Motion Twin and then at Shiro Ga… | http://nekovm.org/ |
| nemerle | 2003 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative', 'meta', 'object-oriented'] | ['Inferred', 'nominal', 'static', 'strong'] | Nemerle is a general-purpose, high-level, statically typed programming language designed for platforms using the Common Language Infrastructure (.NET/Mono). It offers functional, object-oriented and i… | http://nemerle.org/ |
| nesl | 1993 | ['functional', 'array'] | NESL is a parallel programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon by the SCandAL project and released in 1993. It integrates various ideas from parallel algorithms, and functional programming and a… | ||
| net.data | Net.Data is a programming language by IBM used largely for database-backed web applications.[1] | http://www-306.ibm.com/software/data/net.data/ | |||
| netlogo | 1999 | ['multi-paradigm', 'educational', 'procedural', 'agent-based', 'simulation'] | ['Dynamic', 'strong'] | NetLogo is a programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) for agent-based modeling. | http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo |
| netrexx | 1996 | ['multiparadigm', 'object-oriented', 'procedural', 'structured'] | ['Static, strong, safe', 'dynamic', 'string'] | NetRexx is an open source, originally IBM's, variant of the REXX programming language to run on the Java virtual machine.[3] It supports a classic REXX syntax, with no reserved keywords, along with co… | |
| newlisp | 1991 | newLISP is a scripting language which is a dialect of the Lisp family of programming languages. It was designed and developed by Lutz Mueller.[2] newLISP is free and open-source software released unde… | http://www.newlisp.org/ | ||
| newp | NEWP, short for New Executive Programming Language, is a high-level programming language used on the Unisys MCP systems. The language is used to write the operating system and other system utilities,… | ||||
| newspeak | 2006 | ['object-oriented', 'functional'] | ['dynamic', 'optional'] | Newspeak is a programming language and platform in the tradition of Smalltalk and Self being developed by a team led by Gilad Bracha. The platform includes an IDE, a GUI library, and standard librarie… | http://newspeaklanguage.org/ |
| newtonscript | 1993 | ['Prototype', 'Object-oriented'] | ['Dynamic'] | NewtonScript is a prototype-based programming language created to write programs for the Newton platform.[1] It is heavily influenced by the Self programming language, but modified to be more suited t… | |
| nial | 1981 | ['array'] | ['dynamic'] | Nial (from "Nested Interactive Array Language") is a high-level array programming language developed from about 1981 by Mike Jenkins (named after Nial Dixon) of Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario,… | https://github.com/danlm/qnial7 |
| nickle | 2001 | ['multi-paradigm'] | Nickle is a numeric oriented programming language by Keith Packard and Bart Massey. Originally used for desktop calculation, it has since expanded for prototyping of complicated algorithms. | http://www.nickle.org/ | |
| nitin | 2001 | ['multi-paradigm'] | Nickle is a numeric oriented programming language by Keith Packard and Bart Massey. Originally used for desktop calculation, it has since expanded for prototyping of complicated algorithms. | http://www.nickle.org/ | |
| nim | 2008 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'compiled', 'concurrent', 'Procedural', 'Imperative', 'Functional', 'Object-oriented'] | ['Static', '[2]', 'strong', '[3]', 'inferred', 'structural'] | Nim is an imperative, general-purpose, multi-paradigm, statically typed, systems, compiled programming language[7] designed and developed by Andreas Rumpf. It is designed to be "efficient, expressive,… | http://nim-lang.org/ |
| nix | Nix is a cross-platform package manager that utilizes a purely functional deployment model where software is installed into unique directories generated through cryptographic hashes, it is also the na… | https://nixos.org/nix | |||
| npl | Nord Programming Language, commonly abbreviated NPL, was a programming language by the Norwegian minicomputer manufacturer Norsk Data. It shipped as a standard component of the operating system SINTRA… | ||||
| not exactly c | Not eXactly C, or NXC, is a high-level programming language for the Lego Mindstorms NXT designed by John Hansen in 2006. NXC, which is short for Not eXactly C, is based on Next Byte Codes, an assembly… | ||||
| not quite c | Not Quite C (NQC) is a programming language, application programming interface (API), and native bytecode compiler toolkit for the Lego Mindstorms, Cybermaster and LEGO Spybotics systems. It is based… | ||||
| nsis | 2000 | Nullsoft Scriptable Install System (NSIS) is a script-driven installer authoring tool for Microsoft Windows backed by Nullsoft, the creators of Winamp. NSIS is released under a combination of free sof… | http://nsis.sourceforge.io/ | ||
| nu | 2007 | ['structured', 'imperative', 'functional', 'object-oriented'] | Nu is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, with a Lisp-like syntax, created by Tim Burks as an alternative scripting language to program OS X through its Cocoa application programming… | http://programming-nu.github.io/ | |
| nwscript | 2002 | NWScript is the scripting language developed by BioWare for the role-playing video game Neverwinter Nights. It is based on the C programming language and is implemented in the Aurora toolset. Neverscr… | http://nwn.bioware.com/developers/ | ||
| nxt-g | LEGO Mindstorms NXT is a programmable robotics kit released by Lego in late July 2006.[1] It replaced the first-generation Lego Mindstorms kit, which was called the Robotics Invention System. The base… | http://mindstorms.lego.com/ | |||
| o:xml | o:XML is an open source, dynamically typed, general-purpose object-oriented programming language based on XML-syntax. It has threads, exception handling, regular expressions and namespaces. Additional… | ||||
| oak | Oak is a discontinued programming language created by James Gosling in 1989, initially for Sun Microsystems' set-top box project. The language later evolved to become Java. | ||||
| oberon | 1987 | ['Imperative', 'structured', 'modular', 'object-oriented'] | ['Strong', 'static', 'dynamic'] | Oberon is a general-purpose programming language first published in 1987 by Niklaus Wirth and the latest member of the Wirthian family of ALGOL-like languages (Euler, ALGOL W, Pascal, Modula, and Modu… | http://www.projectoberon.com/ |
| obj2 | OBJ2 is a programming language with Clear-like parametrised modules and a functional system based on equations. It is a member of the OBJ family of languages.[1] | ||||
| object lisp | Object Lisp was a computer programming language, a dialect of the Lisp language. It was an object-oriented extension for the Lisp dialect Lisp Machine Lisp, designed by Lisp Machines, Inc. Object Lisp… | ||||
| objectlogo | 1967 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'educational', 'procedural', 'reflective'] | ['dynamic'] | Logo is an educational programming language, designed in 1967 by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, and Cynthia Solomon.[1] Logo is not an acronym: the name was coined by Feurzeig while he was at Bolt, B… | |
| object rexx | 1988 | ['Object-oriented', 'class-based'] | The Object REXX programming language is an object-oriented scripting language initially produced by IBM for the operating system OS/2 and later[3] for Microsoft Windows. It is a follow-on to and a sig… | http://www.oorexx.org/ | |
| object pascal | 1986 | ['Imperative', 'structured', 'object-oriented', 'functional', 'component-based', 'event-driven', 'generic'] | ['Static and dynamic', 'RTTI', 'strong', 'safe'] | Object Pascal is an extension to the programming language Pascal that provides object-oriented programming (OOP) features such as classes and methods. | |
| objective-c | 1984 | ['static', 'dynamic', 'weak'] | Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. It was the main programming language supported by Apple for ma… | https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html | |
| objective-j | 2008 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'reflective', 'object-oriented', 'functional', 'imperative', 'scripting'] | ['dynamic', 'weak', 'duck'] | Objective-J is a programming language developed as part of the Cappuccino web development framework. Its syntax is nearly identical to the Objective-C syntax and it shares with JavaScript the same rel… | http://www.cappuccino-project.org/ |
| obliq | 1993 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'imperative', 'structured', 'modular', 'object-oriented', 'prototype-based', 'parallel'] | ['Strong', 'dynamic'] | Obliq is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language designed to make distributed, and locally multithreaded, computing simpler and easier to program, while providing program safety and an im… | http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/people/Phd/Krishna/VO/VOHome.html |
| ocaml | 1996 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative', 'modular', '[1]', 'object-oriented'] | ['Inferred', 'static', 'strong', 'structural'] | OCaml (/oʊˈkæməl/ oh-KAM-əl, formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in… | https://ocaml.org/ |
| occam | 1983 | ['Imperative', 'procedural', 'concurrent'] | occam is a programming language which is concurrent and builds on the communicating sequential processes (CSP) process algebra,[1] and shares many of its features. It is named after philosopher Willia… | ||
| occam-π | ['Imperative', 'procedural', 'concurrent'] | In computer science, occam-π (or occam-pi) is the name of a variant of the programming language occam developed by the Kent Retargetable occam Compiler (KRoC) team at the University of Kent.[1] The na… | |||
| octave | 1988 | GNU Octave is software featuring a high-level programming language, primarily intended for numerical computations. Octave helps in solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, and for performing… | https://gnu.org/software/octave/ | ||
| omnimark | OmniMark is a fourth-generation programming language used mostly in the publishing industry. It is currently a proprietary software product of Stilo International. As of September 2018 the most recent… | ||||
| opa | 2011 | ['multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative'] | ['static', 'strong', 'inferred'] | Opa is an open-source programming language for developing scalable web applications. | http://opalang.org/ |
| opal | OPAL (OPtimized Applicative Language) is a functional programming language first developed at the Technical University of Berlin. | ||||
| opencl | 2009 | OpenCL (Open Computing Language) is a framework for writing programs that execute across heterogeneous platforms consisting of central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), digita… | https://www.khronos.org/opencl/ | ||
| openedge abl | OpenEdge Advanced Business Language, or OpenEdge ABL for short, is a business application development language created and maintained by Progress Software Corporation (PSC). The language, typically cl… | https://www.progress.com/openedge | |||
| opl | 1984 | ['imperative', 'structured', 'embedded'] | Open Programming Language (OPL) is an embedded programming language for portable devices that run the Symbian Operating System. | http://opl-dev.sourceforge.net/ | |
| openvera | OpenVera was a hardware verification language developed by System Science and acquired by Synopsys.[1] OpenVera was an interoperable, open hardware verification language for testbench creation. The Op… | ||||
| ops5 | OPS5 is a rule-based or production system computer language, notable as the first such language to be used in a successful expert system, the R1/XCON system used to configure VAX computers. | ||||
| optimj | 2006 | ['object-oriented'] | OptimJ is an extension for Java with language support for writing optimization models and abstractions for bulk data processing. The extensions and the proprietary product implementing the extensions… | http://www.ateji.com/ | |
| orc | 2004 | ['concurrent', 'nondeterministic'] | Orc is a concurrent, nondeterministic computer programming language created by Jayadev Misra at the University of Texas at Austin. | https://orc.csres.utexas.edu/ | |
| orca/modula-2 | 1994 | ORCA/Modula-2 is a Modula-2 compiler written in the Modula-2 programming language for the Apple IIGS computer. | |||
| oriel | 1991 | ['Imperative', 'Procedural'] | Oriel is a scripting language released with the Power Tools series of instructional books written by the LeBlond Group. Described in its documentation as a "graphics-based batch language", it was orig… | ||
| orwell | 1984 | ['Lazy', 'functional'] | Orwell is a small, lazy-evaluation functional programming language implemented principally by Martin Raskovsky and first released in 1984 by Philip Wadler during his time as a Research Fellow in the P… | ||
| oxygene | 2005 | Oxygene (formerly known as Chrome) is a programming language developed by RemObjects Software for Microsoft's Common Language Infrastructure, the Java Platform and Cocoa. Oxygene based on Delphi's Obj… | http://elementscompiler.com/elements/oxygene/ | ||
| oz | 1991 | ['multi-paradigm', 'logic', 'functional', 'imperative', 'object-oriented', 'constraint', 'distributed', 'concurrent'] | ['dynamic'] | Oz is a multiparadigm programming language, developed in the Programming Systems Lab at Université catholique de Louvain, for programming language education. It has a canonical textbook: Concepts, Tec… | http://mozart.github.io/ |
| p | 2012 | P is a programming language for asynchronous event-driven programming and the IoT that was developed by Microsoft and University of California, Berkeley.[1] | https://github.com/p-org/P | ||
| p4 | 2013 | ['compiled', 'domain-specific', 'imperative'] | P4 is a programming language for controlling packet forwarding planes in networking devices, such as routers and switches. In contrast to a general purpose language such as C or Python, P4 is a domain… | http://p4.org/ | |
| p′′ | 1964 | ['Imperative', 'structured'] | P′′ (P double prime[1]) is a primitive computer programming language created by Corrado Böhm[2][3] in 1964 to describe a family of Turing machines. | ||
| parasail | 2009 | ['compiled', 'concurrent', 'imperative', 'structured', 'object-oriented'] | ['strong', 'static'] | Parallel Specification and Implementation Language (ParaSail) is an object-oriented parallel programming language. Its design and ongoing implementation is described in a blog[2] and on its official w… | http://parasail-lang.org/ |
| pari/gp | PARI/GP is a computer algebra system with the main aim of facilitating number theory computations. Versions 2.1.0 and higher are distributed under the GNU General Public License. It runs on most commo… | http://pari.math.u-bordeaux.fr/ | |||
| pascal | 1970 | ['Imperative', 'structured'] | ['Static', 'strong', 'safe'] | Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, designed by Niklaus Wirth as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and… | |
| pascal script | 2000 | ['Procedural', 'object-oriented', 'scripting'] | ['Strong'] | Pascal Script is a scripting language based on the programming language Pascal that facilitates automated runtime control over scriptable applications and server software. It is implemented by a free… | |
| pcastl | 2008 | ['imperative', 'reflective'] | The PCASTL (an acronym for by Parent and Childset Accessible Syntax Tree Language) is an interpreted high-level programming language. It was created in 2008 by Philippe Choquette.[1] The PCASTL is des… | http://www.pcosmos.ca/pcastl/ | |
| pcf | In computer science, Programming Computable Functions' (PCF) is a typed functional language introduced by Gordon Plotkin in 1977, based on previous unpublished material by Dana Scott.[note 1] It can b… | ||||
| pearl | PEARL, or Process and experiment automation realtime language, is a computer programming language designed for multitasking and real-time programming. Being a high-level language, it is fairly cross-p… | ||||
| peoplecode | ['multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'imperative'] | PeopleCode is a proprietary object-oriented programming language used to express business logic for PeopleSoft applications. Syntactically, PeopleCode is similar to other programming languages, and ca… | |||
| perl | 1987 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'functional', 'imperative', 'object-oriented', 'class-based', 'reflective'] | Perl is a family of two high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. "Perl" refers to Perl 5, but from 2000 to 2019 it also referred to its redesigned "sister language", Pe… | https://www.perl.org/ | |
| pdl | 1996 | ['Array'] | Perl Data Language (abbreviated PDL) is a set of free software array programming extensions to the Perl programming language. PDL extends the data structures built into Perl, to include large multidim… | http://pdl.perl.org/ | |
| pharo | 2008 | Pharo is an open source dynamic and reflective language which is inspired by the programming language Smalltalk. Pharo offers several live programming features such as immediate object manipulation, l… | https://pharo.org/ | ||
| php | 1995 | ['Imperative', 'functional', 'object-oriented', 'procedural', 'reflective'] | ['Dynamic', 'weak', 'Gradual', '[3]'] | PHP is a general-purpose scripting language especially suited to web development.[5] It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994.[6] The PHP reference implementation… | https://www.php.net/ |
| pico | 1997 | ['Reflective', 'procedural'] | Pico is a programming language developed at the Software Languages Lab at Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The language was created to introduce the essentials of programming to non-computer science studen… | http://pico.vub.ac.be/ | |
| picolisp | 1988 | ['Functional', 'procedural', 'object-oriented', 'declarative', 'reflective', 'meta'] | ['duck', 'dynamic', 'strong'] | PicoLisp is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. It runs on operating systems including Linux and others that are Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) compliant. Its most pro… | http://picolisp.com/ |
| pict | ['Concurrent'] | ['Static'] | Pict is a statically typed programming language, one of the very few based on the π-calculus. Work on the language began at the University of Edinburgh in 1992, and development has been more or less d… | https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/papers/pict/Html/Pict.html | |
| pike | A MUD (/mʌd/; originally multi-user dungeon, with later variants multi-user dimension and multi-user domain)[1][2] is a multiplayer real-time virtual world, usually text-based. MUDs combine elements o… | ||||
| pilot | Programmed Inquiry, Learning, or Teaching (PILOT) is a simple high-level programming language developed in the 1960s.[1] Like its younger sibling LOGO, it was an early foray into the technology of com… | ||||
| pipelines | 1986 | ['Dataflow programming'] | CMS Pipelines implements the pipeline concept under the VM/CMS operating system. The programs in a pipeline operate on a sequential stream of records. A program writes records that are read by the nex… | http://vm.marist.edu/~pipeline | |
| pizza | ['generics', 'algebraic types'] | Pizza is an open-source superset of Java 1.4, prior to the introduction of generics for the Java programming language. In addition to its own solution for adding generics to the language, Pizza also a… | http://pizzacompiler.sourceforge.net/ | ||
| pl-11 | PL-11 is a high-level machine-oriented programming language for the PDP-11, developed by R.D. Russell of CERN in 1971. Written in Fortran IV, it is similar to PL360 and is cross-compiled on other mach… | ||||
| pl/0 | PL/0 is a programming language, intended as an educational programming language, that is similar to but much simpler than Pascal, a general-purpose programming language. It serves as an example of how… | ||||
| pl/b | 1972 | ['Procedural', 'imperative'] | ['Strong', '[1]', 'static'] | Programming Language for Business or PL/B is a business-oriented programming language originally called DATABUS and designed by Datapoint in 1972[2] as an alternative to COBOL because Datapoint's 8-bi… | |
| pl/c | 1973 | ['procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | ['strong'] | PL/C is an instructional dialect of the PL/I computer programming language, developed at Cornell University in the 1970s. | |
| pl/i | 1964 | ['Procedural', 'imperative', 'structured'] | PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced /piː ɛl wʌn/ and sometimes written PL/1)[2] is a procedural, imperative computer programming language developed and published by IBM. It is designed for scie… | http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/360/pli/ | |
| pl/m | 1973 | The PL/M programming language (an acronym of Programming Language for Microcomputers[2][3]) is a high-level language conceived and developed by Gary Kildall[2][3][4][1] in 1973[2][3] for Hank Smith[2]… | |||
| pl/p | The PL/P programming language (an acronym of Programming Language for Prime (computers)) is a mid-level programming language developed by Prime Computer to serve as their second primary system program… | ||||
| pl/sql | PL/SQL (Procedural Language for SQL) is Oracle Corporation's procedural extension for SQL and the Oracle relational database. PL/SQL is available in Oracle Database (since version 6 - stored PL/SQL pr… | ||||
| pl360 | PL360 (or PL/360) is a system programming language designed by Niklaus Wirth and written by Niklaus Wirth, Joseph W. Wells, Jr., and Edwin Satterthwaite, Jr. for the IBM System/360 computer at Stanfor… | ||||
| planc | PLANC (pronounced as "plank") is a high level computer programming language. The acronym stands for Programming LAnguage for Nd Computers. | ||||
| plankalkül | 1948 | ['Procedural'] | Plankalkül (German pronunciation: [ˈplaːnkalkyːl]) is a programming language designed for engineering purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945. It was the first high-level programming language to… | ||
| planner | 1969 | Planner (often seen in publications as "PLANNER" although it is not an acronym) is a programming language designed by Carl Hewitt at MIT, and first published in 1969. First, subsets such as Micro-Plan… | |||
| plex | 1970 | ['procedural', 'imperative'] | PLEX (Programming Language for EXchanges) is a special-purpose, concurrent, real-time programming language. The proprietary PLEX language is closely tied to the architecture of Ericsson's AXE telephon… | ||
| plexil | 2005 | ['Multi-paradigm'] | ['Static', 'unsafe', 'nominative'] | PLEXIL (Plan Execution Interchange Language) is an open source technology for automation, created and currently in development by NASA. | http://plexil.sourceforge.net/ |
| plus | 1976 | ['imperative', 'structured'] | ['static', 'strong', 'safe'] | Plus is a "Pascal-like" system implementation language from the University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada, based on the SUE[1] system language developed at the University of Toronto, c. 1971.[2] | |
| pop-11 | POP-11 is a reflective, incrementally compiled programming language with many of the features of an interpreted language. It is the core language of the Poplog programming environment developed origin… | ||||
| pop-2 | POP-2 (also referred to as POP2) is a programming language developed around 1970 from the earlier language POP-1 (developed by Robin Popplestone in 1968, originally named COWSEL) by Robin Popplestone… | ||||
| postscript | 1982 | ['Multi-paradigm', 'stack-based', 'procedural'] | PostScript (PS) is a page description language in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing business. It is a dynamically typed, concatenative programming language. It was created at Adobe Syst… | ||
| portable | Amiga E, or very often simply E, is a programming language created by Wouter van Oortmerssen on the Amiga. He has since moved on to develop the SHEEP programming language for the new AmigaDE platform… | ||||
| pov-ray sdl | 1991 | The Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer, most commonly acronymed as POV-Ray, is a cross-platform ray-tracing program that generates images from a text-based scene description. It was originally based on… | http://www.povray.org/ | ||
| powerhouse | PowerHouse is a trademarked name for a byte-compiled fourth-generation programming language (or 4GL) originally produced by Quasar Corporation (later renamed Cognos Incorporated) for the Hewlett-Packa… | https://teamblue.unicomsi.com/products/powerhouse-4gl/ | |||
| powerbuilder | 1992 | PowerBuilder is an integrated development environment owned by SAP since the acquisition of Sybase in 2010. On July 5, 2016, SAP and Appeon entered into an agreement whereby Appeon would be responsibl… | http://www.appeon.com/ | ||
| powershell | 2006 | ['Imperative', 'pipeline', 'object-oriented', 'functional', 'reflective'] | ['Strong', 'safe', 'implicit', 'dynamic'] | PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management framework from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and the associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, kno… | https://microsoft.com/powershell |
| ppl | The Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) was developed in 1969 at Harvard University by Thomas A. Standish. It is an interactive, extensible language with a base language similar to the language APL… | ||||
| processing | 2001 | ['Object-oriented'] | Processing is a free graphical library and integrated development environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching non-program… | http://processing.org/ | |
| processing.js | 2008 | Processing.js is a JavaScript port of Processing, a programming language designed to write visualisations, images, and interactive content. It allows web browsers to display animations, visual applica… | http://processingjs.org/ | ||
| prograph | 1983 | ['multi-paradigm', 'object-oriented', 'visual', 'dataflow'] | Prograph is a visual, object-oriented, dataflow, multiparadigm programming language that uses iconic symbols to represent actions to be taken on data. Commercial Prograph software development environm… | ||
| proiv | PROIV (/proʊ,fʊər/) is a low code development platform, developed and sold by NorthgateArinso, part of the Northgate Information Solutions Group. It has an active community of around 2500 developers a… | ||||
| project verona | 2019 | Project Verona is an experimental research programming language developed by Microsoft and aimed at dealing with memory situations to make other programming languages safer.[2][1] | https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/project-verona | ||
| prolog | 1972 | ['Logic programming'] | Prolog is a logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.[1][2][3] | https://www.iso.org/standard/21413.html | |
| promal | 1984 | ['Imperative', 'procedural', 'structured'] | PROMAL (PROgrammer's Microapplication Language) is a structured programming language from Systems Management Associates for MS-DOS, Commodore 64, and Apple II. PROMAL features simple syntax, no line n… | ||
| promela | PROMELA (Process or Protocol Meta Language) is a verification modeling language introduced by Gerard J. Holzmann. The language allows for the dynamic creation of concurrent processes to model, for exa… | ||||
| prose modeling language | Author Joseph Thames, now deceased (2019), has left us with his latest version of PROSE, called FortranCalculus. It is freeware that can be downloaded from https://goal-driven.net/apps/fc-compiler.htm… | ||||
| protel | Protel stands for "Procedure Oriented Type Enforcing Language". It is a programming language created by Nortel Networks and used on telecommunications switching systems such as the DMS-100.[1][2] Prot… |